Space Compilation: Crash Course Kids - Free Educational videos for Students in K-12

Space Compilation: Crash Course Kids - By Crash Course Kids

Transcript


00:0-1	space . It's really cool actually , it's really cold
00:03	and really big and really awesome . Space has inspired
00:06	a lot of us to do a lot of really
00:08	cool things , but probably one of the best things
00:10	that inspired many of us to do is just simply
00:13	learn about it . The more we learn about stars
00:15	, other planets , Galaxies , and asteroids , the
00:18	more we learn about the universe and even ourselves .
00:21	So let's start this off by talking about one specific
00:24	star one that's really close to us . Pop quiz
00:31	. What's the closest star to Earth it's called Soul
00:35	? Never heard of it . You say ? Sure
00:36	you have , Soul is the Sun , ancient romans
00:40	who once worshipped the Sun called its Soul and its
00:43	become the kind of official scientific name for the sun
00:46	. It's where the term solar system comes from .
00:48	Seoul or the sun is the star at the center
00:51	of our eight planet solar system that provides us with
00:54	energy without the sun , earth would be a dark
00:58	frozen world with no life . But how does the
01:01	sun's energy get to us ? Well , first ,
01:07	let's talk about what the sun is . It's a
01:10	five billion year old big ball of superhot gas .
01:14	The hottest part of the sun is its core or
01:16	center , which is about 15 million degrees Celsius .
01:22	So its surface is not quite as hot , but
01:24	it's still almost 5600 degrees Celsius , which is pretty
01:29	toasty if you ask me . And as for its
01:31	size , the sun is so huge , you can
01:34	line up over 100 earths along the face of it
01:37	and more than a million earths could fit inside it
01:41	. But the sun sizes and what makes it seem
01:42	so big and bright to us on Earth , it's
01:45	because it's so close to us that it seems way
01:48	, way , way , way bigger and brighter than
01:50	other stars . So , you know that the sun
01:53	is hot and bright and that heat and light are
01:55	both kinds of energy that we get from the sun
01:58	. Let's take a look at a model to see
01:59	how the sun's energy gets from good old soul to
02:02	our planet . Mm Here's the sun . Energy is
02:08	created in it's super hot , 15 million degree core
02:12	. That energy then travels outward from the core to
02:15	the surface of the sun . But this journey from
02:17	the center of the sun to its surface can take
02:20	over 100,000 years to complete . But once the energy
02:25	deep inside the sun finally gets to the surface ,
02:28	it travels as light and heat all the way to
02:30	Earth . In fact , it only takes about eight
02:33	minutes for light to travel approximately 150 million kilometers through
02:38	space to Earth over here . That's not such a
02:42	long time . So to sum up , energy is
02:48	created in the sun's core . It travels very slowly
02:52	to the sun's surface before it takes a super speedy
02:54	trip to earth in the form of light and heat
02:57	and you and I can see and feel that energy
03:00	as sunlight without the heat and light we get from
03:03	the sun , Earth would be just a frozen ball
03:05	floating around in space , which would be a total
03:09	bummer . So thanks soul , you're a real star
03:13	. So yeah , the sun is big , Really
03:15	big . But understanding the universe is sometimes about perspective
03:19	, the sun is big to us . Sure ,
03:21	But it's nothing compared to the galaxy or even some
03:24	of the other stars and compared to the universe .
03:27	Well , our son is pretty tiny compared to the
03:29	universe because the universe is huge . How huge the
03:36	universe is big . Really big , bigger than that
03:41	. No , you're not thinking big enough , It's
03:43	so massive that it makes my brain hurt . It's
03:46	so ginormous . Wee teeny tiny humans can barely just
03:51	barely get our brains to comprehend it . But just
03:54	because we can't really fully understand how big the universe
03:58	is , doesn't mean it's not important . The universe
04:01	is our home . We should at least poke around
04:03	. So how big is the universe ? Let's start
04:11	off with our cosmic address . That's where we live
04:14	in the universe . You could say my current cosmic
04:16	address is the crash course kids studio , Toronto ,
04:19	Canada North America Earth , the solar system , the
04:22	Milky Way Galaxy , the observable universe , the universe
04:25	. Knowing our cosmic address helps us understand where the
04:28	things in the sky are things like stars , asteroids
04:32	, planets , even other Galaxies . Every time we
04:34	go up and out A level in our cosmic address
04:37	, the actual space we're talking about gets more spacious
04:41	distances in space are so large that scientists had to
04:44	come up with a whole new way of measuring them
04:46	. You can't talk about space using miles or kilometers
04:49	. The numbers get so big that they just sound
04:51	like nonsense . That's where a light year comes in
04:54	. It sounds like a measure of time because it
04:56	has the word year in it . But it's really
04:58	a measure of distance . Light is the fastest thing
05:01	we know in the whole universe , clocking in at
05:04	a whopping 300,000 kilometers per second in one second ,
05:08	light can travel around the Earth , the whole Earth
05:11	seven times . It's moving so fast . Our brains
05:15	can't detect that it's moving at all . So ,
05:17	a light year is the distance that light can travel
05:19	in one year . Does your head hurt yet ?
05:22	Well , buckle up because we're just getting started back
05:25	to our big question , how big is this universe
05:28	of ours ? Nobody knows . Really . That's pretty
05:31	weird . Right ? Well , that's partly because the
05:34	only part of the universe we know about is what
05:36	we call our observable universe . The parts that we
05:39	can actually see or observe in any direction . Some
05:43	things are so far away that light from those objects
05:46	haven't even reached us yet . That is the limit
05:49	of our observable universe . Beyond that , we don't
05:51	know what's out there . But even sticking to the
05:54	observable universe , we're going to need to scale things
05:56	way down to understand any of it . Mm Let's
06:03	try to visualize our cosmic address on a scale that
06:06	we can handle . Let's use this room as our
06:08	scale . It's about 10 m by 10 m the
06:10	size of an average classroom . If the sun were
06:13	the size of this room , the Earth would be
06:15	about this big . Okay , not too crazy .
06:18	Now , imagine our whole solar system where the size
06:21	of this room , this would be the sun .
06:24	Don't see anything . That's because it's just a grain
06:27	of salt . A grain of salt . Yeah ,
06:29	that's our son . And the Earth's orbit around the
06:32	Sun would be about the size of this disk at
06:35	this scale . The Earth is just a microscopic bacterium
06:38	. We can't even see it at this size .
06:40	Our whole big , huge solar system is just a
06:44	grain of salt . Now , what if the entire
06:47	Milky Way Galaxy with the size of this room ?
06:49	Our solar neighborhood would be this big . Oh boy
06:53	. Now for the finale , the biggest thing we
06:56	know the observable universe . Imagine the observable universe is
07:00	this room ? Can you spot the Milky Way ,
07:03	nope , It's just way too small . It's not
07:05	that it's just unsuitable , it's smaller than microscopic .
07:08	The whole Milky Way . Are you dizzy ? I'm
07:11	dizzy . So that gives you an idea of the
07:13	size of the things in the universe . But what
07:16	about the size of the space ? You know that
07:18	the Sun is the closest star to the Earth ?
07:20	But what is the second closest that would be Proxima
07:23	centauri . It's 4.24 light years away . That means
07:28	it takes light from that star . Four years to
07:31	reach us . By comparison , it takes the sun's
07:33	like eight minutes to get to Earth . If you
07:35	want to visit the sun's closest star friend traveling in
07:38	the fastest object humans have ever built , it would
07:41	still take 19,000 years to get there . And that's
07:45	only 4.24 light years away . The observable universe is
07:49	are you ready for this 93 billion light years across
07:54	? Even using light years , It's so big ,
07:56	it still sounds kind of like nonsense . Huh ?
08:03	So space ! It's big . Really big , mind
08:06	bogglingly big , but it's also our home . Even
08:09	if we're just unbelievably small little things floating on a
08:13	speck of dust in a teeny tiny galaxy , we're
08:16	still here and we know where we are in the
08:19	universe and that's pretty awesome . But I think I
08:23	need to go lie down now . Okay , now
08:25	that we have a little perspective , let's start looking
08:27	a little deeper into the stars . Stars aren't all
08:30	like our sun , actually , they're all really different
08:33	from white dwarfs to red . Supergiant stars have all
08:36	kinds of appearances and personalities . My brain still hurts
08:44	from last time . It's like intergalactic whiplash , you
08:47	too . But there's a reason we zoom through the
08:49	mega giant , unbelievably huge vastness of space . It
08:53	helps us understand how big the universe really is ,
08:56	not just how big it appears from our perspective down
08:59	here on our itty bitty Earth . If you glance
09:01	up at the night sky , the stars seem like
09:03	they're all on the same plane that is at the
09:05	same distance from earth and the stars all seem pretty
09:09	similar . But don't let your eyes fool you .
09:11	Some stars are relatively close , just four or so
09:14	light years away and some are hundreds of thousands of
09:18	light years away . The furthest stars are billions of
09:21	light years away , billions people . And in the
09:24	big huge space penis of space , there's a lot
09:27	of room for variety , even in our galaxy .
09:29	The Milky Way , there's a wide range of stars
09:32	so stop stereotyping them . Let's take a look what
09:35	are the different kinds of stars . Well , scientists
09:42	organized stars by their color and size , which also
09:45	happens to be how I organize my rock collection .
09:47	We've learned that stars glow because they create energy through
09:50	nuclear fusion . But not all stars produce the same
09:53	amount of energy and stars can produce different amounts of
09:56	energy throughout their lifetimes . I mean they're not alive
09:59	, but in a sense , stars are born ,
10:01	grow up age and eventually die once they burned through
10:04	all of the hydrogen in their core and don't feel
10:07	bad . This all happens over billions and billions of
10:10	years Now . First thing to remember , stars that
10:12	produce less energy glow red . These stars are relatively
10:16	cool with a surface of about 2760 degrees Celsius ,
10:21	but the very hottest stars in the universe glow blue
10:24	white . Put on your shades because these stars can
10:27	have a surface temperature of over 30,000 degrees Celsius .
10:31	Our son , by the way , is a perfect
10:33	Mello Yello temperature right in the middle , with a
10:35	surface temperature around 10,000 degrees . Stars also come in
10:39	a range of sizes , the smallest known stars .
10:41	Just a little bit bigger than jupiter . Pretty small
10:43	, considering you could fit about 1000 jupiter's inside our
10:46	son . Meanwhile , the largest star that we know
10:48	of is many hundreds of times larger than the sun
10:51	. If it were in our solar system , it
10:52	would extend past Saturn's orbit . Once again , our
10:55	son is in the middle of this range . We're
10:57	in a real life goldilocks situation here . So now
10:59	that we know how stars are classified , let's see
11:02	if we can identify two of our star neighbors .
11:04	I've got the perfect stars in mind . A foot
11:07	and an armpit . Oh , have you met Orion
11:11	? Mm . He's one of the most recognizable constellations
11:16	and he's got two body parts that are made from
11:18	totally different kinds of stars . Remember Beetlejuice ? We
11:21	talked about this star in a previous episode , it's
11:23	the right shoulder , some people like me call it
11:25	the armpit of Orion and let me introduce you to
11:28	reschedule , Orion's left foot , Beetlejuice and Rachel are
11:30	both in our home galaxy . The Milky Way ,
11:33	take a look at this picture of Orion based on
11:35	the evidence that you can see , which would you
11:37	argue is hotter . Does one star look kind of
11:40	reddish and another kind of blew you smarty pants ?
11:43	I bet you already guessed the answer . Beetlejuice ,
11:45	the armpit star is a red supergiant , it's much
11:48	, much cooler than Rydell and sadly it's nearing the
11:51	end of its starry life on the other hand ,
11:53	or Foot Rij Eliza , blue white supergiant star ,
11:57	this star is in the prime of its life ,
11:59	burning super hot and super bright , but stick around
12:02	a few million years and Rachel will probably start to
12:05	look like Beetlejuice red and cool now since Rachel shines
12:09	more brightly , you might assume that it's closer to
12:11	us and that would be a great guest . But
12:13	using brightness to judge distance can be tricky . Rydell
12:16	has much greater true brightness or luminosity than Beetlejuice .
12:20	So the foot outshines the armpit . So in summary
12:27	, a star isn't just a star from here on
12:30	earth . The stars may look similar , but you
12:32	know better now they come in different colors and different
12:34	sizes . You could say they've got their own personality
12:37	stars , they're just like us except millions or billions
12:42	of miles away and gigantic . They're not really like
12:46	us now that we've talked about stars and their places
12:48	in the universe . Let's have a look at a
12:50	couple of episodes that show us how we have used
12:52	the stars throughout history to both help us tell stories
12:55	and actually guide us like points on a map .
12:57	I'm talking about constellations now you might be thinking ,
13:03	but we've already learned about stars . Well you're right
13:07	or at least you've been paying attention . But we
13:09	learned about individual stars basically how they do what they
13:13	do as solo acts out there in the universe .
13:15	But what happens when a bunch of stars band together
13:18	to form a supergroup , sort of like the Avengers
13:21	of the night sky ? Well then they're called a
13:24	constellation . Today we'll talk about these groups of stars
13:27	and why they're so important to astronomers besides being just
13:30	plain cool or hot , you know what I mean
13:33	? So what exactly is a constellation ? A consolation
13:40	is a cluster of stars in the sky that have
13:42	been grouped together in a pattern or shape and have
13:44	been given a name . But before we take a
13:46	closer look at consolations , let's review what a star
13:49	is . Remember a star is a bright object in
13:51	space that gives off light through energy that it makes
13:53	in its core . The sun is the most famous
13:56	star to us , Earthlings . We've already talked about
13:58	a few other well known stars though . Like bright
14:01	Beetlejuice , astronomers use bright stars like Beetlejuice as markers
14:04	in the sky to help find other less bright objects
14:07	in space . For example , if you are looking
14:09	for a dim star like Sirius B , you might
14:11	have to look for a long time to spot it
14:13	among the many , many , many many other stars
14:17	in the sky . But if you're able to spot
14:20	a much brighter star like Sirius A . And you
14:23	know that Sirius B . Is located to the lower
14:25	left of serious A . Then it will be much
14:28	easier to find serious . Be like I said ,
14:30	there are so many stars in the sky that trying
14:33	to spot just one can be tough , especially if
14:36	it's not near a bright one like Beetlejuice or serious
14:38	A . That's where constellations come in , astronomers use
14:42	constellations to help them better map the night sky .
14:44	Think of stars like cities on a map in constellations
14:47	like countries finding a large shape in the sky made
14:49	of many stars is a lot easier to spot than
14:52	trying to find one single spec . Plus there are
14:54	only 88 named constellations , which is a much more
14:57	reasonable number to deal with than a billion . And
15:00	most of the 88 recognized constellations came from the ancient
15:03	Greeks . The stars in the constellation aren't related in
15:06	any particular way . They just form a shape that
15:08	the Greeks used to tell stories about their gods ,
15:10	goddesses and mythical creatures like flying horses and giant scorpions
15:15	. Now that we know what a constellation is ,
15:17	Why don't we get to know some of the more
15:19	famous ones ? Harry potter fans will recognize the name
15:26	of our first constellation . Its name means dragon in
15:29	latin and also happens to be the name of Harry's
15:31	biggest nemesis . Well , second biggest after vault ,
15:35	he who must not be named . Of course ,
15:37	yep , it's Draco . According to legend , Draco
15:40	was a dragon killed by the goddess Minerva and was
15:43	tossed into the sky . Draco is one of 48
15:45	constellations described way back in the second century by Egyptian
15:48	astronomer Ptolemy . People have been seeing this dragon like
15:51	shape in the night sky for a long time .
15:54	Consolations aren't just named after creatures though . Some are
15:57	named after mythical people , particularly gods and goddesses .
16:01	One of the more well known greek gods has his
16:03	own consolation and a Disney movie , I'll give you
16:06	a hint . He'll go the distance . It's Hercules
16:09	the stars and the Hercules constellation take the shape of
16:12	the mighty hero as if he's holding a bow after
16:14	just releasing an arrow , you go . Hercules .
16:17	The name of our next notable consolation also makes an
16:19	appearance in the Hercules movie as a super cute winged
16:22	horse . Say hello to Pegasus . According to greek
16:25	mythology . Hercules never actually rode Pegasus like in the
16:28	movie , but the flying horse did spend some time
16:30	with Zeus , King of the Gods . Zeus like
16:32	Pegasus so much , he transformed him into a consolation
16:35	and place him in the night sky for everyone to
16:38	see . Now you're familiar with at least three of
16:40	the 88 constellations in our sky . Only 85 more
16:43	to go as the earth rotates , you'll see Draco
16:45	Hercules and Pegasus plus all the other constellations over the
16:49	course of a year , but more on when and
16:50	where you can see the constellations in the next episode
16:57	. So now you know what a star is and
16:59	that a cluster of stars in the sky that are
17:01	grouped together in a particular pattern is called a constellation
17:04	. Besides having really cool shapes and stories behind their
17:08	names , constellations help astronomers and us map the night
17:11	sky since space is so huge and massive and enormous
17:15	, our map is far from complete . So anything
17:18	that helps us navigate that vast well , space of
17:22	space is okay by me . People have been studying
17:28	the skies for centuries and who can blame them .
17:30	It is beautiful up there on any given clear night
17:33	. There are probably more than 2000 stars that you
17:37	can see and that's without a telescope way before telescopes
17:40	were even invented , ancient astronomers track the movement of
17:43	objects in the sky and over time one group of
17:46	objects ended up getting a lot of attention . I'm
17:49	talking about the 13 constellations that make up something called
17:52	the zodiac . So what's the zodiac in which constellations
17:56	are part of it ? We'll get to that in
18:02	just a sec . But first , do you remember
18:04	what a constellation is ? Sure you do ? A
18:06	constellation is a cluster of stars in the sky that
18:08	are grouped together in a particular pattern and have been
18:11	given a name . We've talked about a few famous
18:13	constellations before , like Draco , Hercules , Pegasus ,
18:16	Ursa Major and Crux , but none of these constellations
18:19	are part of the zodiac . You might recognize some
18:22	of the constellations that Are in the Zodiac though .
18:25	Do the names Gemini , Leo or Sagittarius , sound
18:28	familiar there among the 13 Zodiac constellations and they actually
18:32	form a kind of pattern in the sky . This
18:34	pattern makes it easier for observers to know where to
18:37	find each constellation throughout the course of the year .
18:39	So what are all of the constellations in the zodiac
18:42	? And what pattern do they form ? Let's take
18:45	a look mm . You know this guy , High
18:51	Earth at the beginning of the year , january ,
18:53	the constellation of Sagittarius is highly visible to us on
18:56	earth . The Greeks called Sagittarius , the archer ,
18:59	because it looks like , well , a guy shooting
19:02	a bow and arrow . Capricorn is is also highly
19:04	visible in january toward the end of the month .
19:06	It's sometimes called the sea goat , since it happens
19:09	to have the head of a goat and the tail
19:11	of a fish , which is not something you see
19:14	every day . Next up in february is Aquarius or
19:17	the water bearer , a group of ancient people called
19:20	the Babylonians thought that this group of stars look like
19:23	an old man pouring water from a picture . Moving
19:25	on to march . This is pisces or the fishes
19:28	. Pisces represents venus , a roman goddess who is
19:31	said to have turned into a fish and jumped into
19:33	a river to escape . An evil monster are eases
19:35	up in april . In greek mythology , Arias was
19:38	a ram with wings . The constellation of Taurus ,
19:41	visible in May looks like a bull . It's named
19:43	for the roman god jupiter who could supposedly turn himself
19:46	into a bowl when he swam june's prominent constellation .
19:49	Gemini is sometimes called the twins because it reminded the
19:53	ancient Greeks of the twin sons of Zeus cancer ,
19:56	which you can see pretty well in july is called
19:58	the crab because that's what it reminded some folks of
20:01	august's constellation is called leo and looks like a ferocious
20:05	lions . CNN september Virgo is called the maiden ,
20:08	since it looks like a lady holding grain , which
20:10	symbolize the harvest to the Greeks and the romans ,
20:13	This constellation of libra appears in october when days and
20:16	nights are roughly equal and is considered a symbol of
20:19	balance . I bet you can guess what scorpius is
20:21	named for , yep , it looks like a scorpion
20:24	finishing off the year . In late november is off
20:26	the mucus , which was once called serpentine various because
20:29	it looked like a man holding a serpent or a
20:31	snake . Hey , better him than me ! All
20:33	right now that you've met all of the constellations in
20:36	the zodiac , let's light them up and see if
20:38	we can spot a pattern looks like a circle to
20:40	me . And here's a fun fact . Zodiac loosely
20:43	translates to circle of animals or circle of life in
20:46	greek . So the zodiac isn't just a random bunch
20:52	of stars , it's a group of constellations that form
20:55	a circular pattern in the night sky and now you
20:58	know which constellations are part of this pattern and that
21:01	people have been observing these constellations for centuries . The
21:05	zodiac has helped astronomers figure out how other objects travel
21:08	in space , objects like the sun and even our
21:10	own planet . So constellations are super important for many
21:14	, many reasons . We use them as markers to
21:16	help us find our direction on Earth , but also
21:18	to help us find other stars . It's neat .
21:21	But now let's pull this all together and see how
21:23	the sun affects how and when we see the zodiac
21:26	constellations , which is something that is also neat .
21:33	I've still got my eye on the sky , particularly
21:35	those 13 constellations in the zodiac that we learned about
21:38	earlier . We found out that the zodiac constellations follow
21:41	a circular path around our planet . Today we're going
21:44	to learn more about where our son falls in this
21:46	path . I'll give you a hint . It involves
21:49	something called the ecliptic , intriguing . So what is
21:52	the ecliptic ? Before we head into imaginary space ?
21:59	To find out it's time for a quick , well
22:01	crash course on astronomy . You know what a constellation
22:05	is . A cluster of stars in the sky that
22:07	are grouped together in a particular pattern and have been
22:09	given a name . Some of the constellations we visited
22:11	so far include Hercules , Pegasus and drago . And
22:15	last time we met a group of constellations that formed
22:18	something called the zodiac 13 constellations that have been studied
22:22	in track since ancient times . The constellations in the
22:25	zodiac are all highly visible from Earth during different months
22:28	of the year . Starting with Sagittarius in january and
22:31	ending with a focus . And last time we saw
22:33	how these constellations form a sort of belt like shape
22:36	around the Earth . Well this time we're going to
22:39	see what the sun's up to while the constellations take
22:42	turns popping up in our night sky . Mm Okay
22:48	, so there's Earth in the middle of space ,
22:50	looking good home planet . And here are the zodiac
22:52	constellations that surround Earth , but we've got to make
22:55	room for another major player in space . You remember
22:58	the Son of course Earth scooch over Son , head
23:01	to center stage . You're on . Okay . You
23:04	already know that Earth rotates on its axis , making
23:06	a complete turn in one day while it's rotating ,
23:10	it also revolves around the Sun making one full trip
23:13	around the star every year . This movement of the
23:15	Earth also makes it seem as if the sun is
23:17	moving through the stars over the course of the year
23:19	. This is because during any given month the sun
23:21	sits between the Earth and a different zodiac constellation ,
23:24	but we know the sun's not really moving , it's
23:27	the Earth's movement that makes it seem that way .
23:29	And astronomers have come up with a nifty way to
23:31	track the sun's apparent path through space . They draw
23:35	an imaginary line from the Earth through the Sun and
23:37	toward the stars beyond it as the earth moves .
23:40	So does this line with it while the sun stay
23:42	steady in the middle as Earth follows its orbit around
23:45	the sun , this imaginary line spins , pointing to
23:48	different stars throughout a complete trip around the sun ,
23:51	forming an imaginary circle , astronomers call this imaginary line
23:54	that the zodiac sits on and that tracks the sun's
23:57	apparent path through space , The ecliptic . Eventually over
24:00	a year the earth will return to Sagittarius where it
24:03	started and the cycle or pattern will start all over
24:06	again . So that's what the sun is doing .
24:12	As one zodiac constellation in the night sky moves to
24:15	the next , not a whole lot , it remains
24:17	in the same spot while Earth makes its annual journey
24:20	. And now you know that even though the sun
24:21	is not really moving the path it appears to take
24:25	and the path that the zodiac sits upon is what
24:28	astronomers call the ecliptic . No one ever said ,
24:30	understanding what happens in space would be easy . But
24:33	isn't it fun to try and that wraps up our
24:35	little journey through the cosmos . The universe is big
24:38	, the sun is big , stars are big ,
24:41	it's all big , big , big , big .
24:44	But understanding what happens in space is fascinating . Don't
24:48	you agree If you enjoyed this , check out the
24:50	rest of our channel and subscribe .

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