What Is Organic Chemistry?: Crash Course Organic Chemistry #1 - Free Educational videos for Students in K-12

What Is Organic Chemistry?: Crash Course Organic Chemistry #1 - By CrashCourse

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00:0-1	Hi I'm Debbie Chakravarty and welcome to crash course Organic
00:03	Chemistry . The science of chemistry is pretty incredible because
00:06	it's the science of everything . Stars and computer hard
00:10	drives and desks and our bodies are all made up
00:13	of different arrangements of atoms that are bonded together ,
00:16	breaking apart or reacting with each other all the time
00:19	. We already did a crash course about the wonders
00:21	of general chemistry . So this course will focus on
00:24	just a slice of that pie because we're talking about
00:27	organic chemistry and organic chemistry is the study of molecules
00:30	that have carbon atom with four valence electrons . Carbon
00:33	often katyn eights , which means that it bonds to
00:36	itself . So it forms lots of different compounds .
00:39	You can get long chains of carbons and hydrogen is
00:41	like a decade or rings of carbons like anthropocene or
00:45	complex structures with multiple rings and other atoms like the
00:48	steroids , estradiol . You might think that the whole
00:50	focusing on carbon thing would rule out a lot of
00:53	the universe and it does rule out things like glass
00:55	, rocks , minerals and gems other than diamonds .
00:58	But organic chemicals are pretty much everywhere . Over these
01:02	50 episodes will discover new reactions , new compounds and
01:05	new methods to understand that . And all of these
01:07	discoveries didn't just appear in a chemistry lab notebook overnight
01:11	. They're the result of centuries of hard work isolating
01:15	chemicals trying to figure out what they do and stumbling
01:18	upon happy accidents . That led to revolutionary ideas .
01:21	A big part of understanding organic chemistry is grasping the
01:25	logic behind everything from molecular structures to chemical reaction mechanisms
01:30	. Even though these kinds of problems can feel overwhelming
01:32	, treating them like a puzzle can help us make
01:35	sense of them . So , let's start our story
01:36	with the birth of modern organic chemistry , which begins
01:40	right around the mid 1800s . Film plants like willow
01:54	, ephedra and poppies were known by ancient civilizations to
01:57	have medicinal benefits , but they had no idea why
02:01	. In the early 18 hundreds there was a breakthrough
02:03	in understanding their medicinal properties and people began to extract
02:06	therapeutic chemicals from them . Today , we know these
02:09	plants contain medicinal organic molecules like salicylic acid , ephedrine
02:13	and morphine . Organic means derived from living things .
02:17	And the term organic chemistry was coined by the Swedish
02:20	chemist Yen's Yaka brasilia's , who discovered several elements and
02:24	came up with the modern chemical symbols that we use
02:26	today . At that time , organic chemistry referred to
02:29	the study of chemical compounds extracted from living things .
02:32	We thought that organic compounds could only be harvested from
02:35	living things , but not made . That's why we
02:38	used to dye our fabrics beautiful colors using organic plant
02:41	materials like flowers and dirt . With a little help
02:45	from our own urine . Diarrhea is the main nitrogen
02:47	containing part of urine that comes from our body's metabolic
02:50	breakdown of proteins . But it's also a great fabric
02:53	dyed morden , which is a chemical that makes the
02:56	die last longer and often enhances the color . This
02:59	is because Yuria can form a chemical bridge between the
03:02	dye molecule and the fabric and it shields the die
03:05	from fading . There's evidence that your RIO was used
03:07	by ancient civilizations as a dye additive , particularly for
03:11	indigo dye , the same dye that makes our jeans
03:14	blue in ancient Rome . People would even sell their
03:16	urine to dyer's to make some money . It was
03:18	such a big business that the government even passed a
03:21	urine tax to get a cut of the profits .
03:23	If you've ever tie dye t shirt , the color
03:25	dye solution probably had Yuria in it too . But
03:27	don't worry , since we've moved beyond the get every
03:30	chemical from living things days of organic chemistry , it's
03:33	not derived from your in this area is synthesized from
03:36	an inorganic compound . And for that we can think
03:39	german chemist Friedrich Verlander , he was a rock collector
03:43	and is credited with being the first person to isolate
03:45	the elements atrium , beryllium and titanium . And the
03:49	first person discover organic matter on meteorites . But he's
03:52	most well known for his discovery that an inorganic salt
03:55	, ammonium sion , it could be used to make
03:57	your area without a living organism . Hurlers discovery in
04:00	1828 is considered the starting point of the modern organic
04:03	chemical industry . And today organic chemistry is defined as
04:07	the study of the structure properties , composition , reactions
04:11	and preparation of carbon containing compounds . This definition includes
04:15	chemicals extracted from living things , but also man made
04:18	polymers like plastic . Throughout this course we need to
04:21	remember this one simple thing . Organic chemistry is carbon
04:25	centric . Carbon is the key atom in all these
04:28	molecules and carbon atoms do some very predictable things .
04:31	Like make four bonds keeping this in mind . There
04:34	are several different ways we can draw organic compounds .
04:37	One way to represent organic molecules is with the LeWIS
04:39	structure , like the ones we drew in crash course
04:41	. General Chemistry LeWIS structures illustrate what atoms are connected
04:45	and they show all the bonds and lone pairs of
04:48	electrons and a molecule for example , propane is a
04:51	common fuel for home heating and barbecue grills . And
04:54	it's a simple organic compounds because we haven't learned how
04:56	to name compounds yet . I'm just going to say
04:58	that pro pains molecular formula is C three H eight
05:02	, so it has three carbon atoms in eight hydrogen
05:05	atoms . Molecular formula tells us the atoms we have
05:07	and how many of each atom there is , but
05:10	it doesn't tell us what's bonded to what for that
05:13	. We'll need a LewiS structure . As I mentioned
05:14	earlier , organic molecules can make carbon chains . So
05:17	let's start by connecting all three of proteins carbons in
05:20	a straight line . Then , knowing that carbon atoms
05:23	prefer to make four bonds , we can add enough
05:25	hydrogen atoms around each carbon so that they have four
05:28	bonds . Lastly , we need to check that we've
05:30	accounted for all three carbons and eight hydrogen and propane
05:33	structure . And more importantly , we need to make
05:36	sure each carbon has eight electrons around it . An
05:39	octet . Remember that each bond represents two electrons .
05:42	So four bonds for carbon is eight electrons . So
05:45	we're good writing Lewis structures for small carbon chains isn't
05:48	too bad . But drawing a bigger organic structure that
05:51	shows all of the bonds hydrogen atoms and electrons can
05:55	start to get complicated and let's be real . Were
05:57	busy chemists , we don't have the time to draw
05:59	every structure like this every time . So the first
06:02	simplification we can make is called a condensed structural formula
06:06	where we group all of the hydrogen together next to
06:08	the carbons they're bonded to instead of drawing each one
06:11	separately . That's better , but it's still a bit
06:14	crowded so we can simplify the structure even more by
06:17	removing all the carbons and they're attached hydrogen . This
06:21	leaves behind a skeleton of lines representing bonds , which
06:24	is why this is called the skeletal formula or line
06:27	angle formula . In skeletal formulas . Carbons are the
06:30	bends or the ends of the lines , and hydrogen
06:33	aren't shown because carbon atoms in most organic compounds have
06:37	four bonds , so the number of hydrogen is needed
06:39	to give each carbon four bonds is implying we can
06:42	take these drawing shortcuts for all kinds of organic molecules
06:45	, no matter how complicated or simple they are ,
06:48	for example , let's look at a straight chain of
06:50	eight carbons with the molecular formula C eight h 18
06:53	. That's octane by the way , but we'll get
06:55	to naming it . In a later video , the
06:56	LewiS structure of octane looks like this . The condensed
06:59	structural formula looks like this and the skeletal formula looks
07:03	like this and you can see that unlike the LewiS
07:06	structure , the skeletal formula uses exact lines to represent
07:09	bonds because we need those bends to see how many
07:12	carbon atoms are in the structure . One long straight
07:15	line basically wouldn't tell us anything . We'll need to
07:17	move between the structural representations a lot throughout this series
07:20	. So , given the skeletal structure for ISO octane
07:23	, an important component in gasoline will need to know
07:26	it translates to this condensed formula and this LewiS structure
07:29	. But the thing is , organic chemistry isn't just
07:31	carbon and hydrogen atoms . We have a whole periodic
07:34	table of elements . We've even got a poster though
07:37	there are a few main ones that are commonly apart
07:39	of organic compounds . These atoms and organic molecules other
07:43	than carbon and hydrogen are called hetero atoms . We
07:46	always show hetero atoms with the attached hydrogen in the
07:49	skeletal formula , like this one for the artificial sweetener
07:52	, aspartame . Also , it's sometimes helpful to show
07:55	the lone pairs of electrons on hetero atoms because it'll
07:58	help us think about chemical reactions . Skeletal formulas make
08:01	it easier for us to focus on the parts of
08:03	an organic structure that are non carbon atoms or have
08:06	double and triple bonds . These parts are called functional
08:09	groups and that's where all the cool chemistry happens .
08:11	We'll be dealing with a lot of these skeletal structures
08:13	or other depictions of organic compounds . But it's also
08:17	important to remember that these chemicals are real things that
08:20	we use on a daily basis ascertain which I just
08:22	mentioned is in the little blue sugar packs that we
08:24	add to our coffee . And this cup is already
08:27	full of organic compounds that give coffee its taste and
08:30	smell , and most importantly , the caffeine that helps
08:32	us wake up in the morning . The whole reason
08:34	anyone can see this video in the first place is
08:36	an organic chemical called retinal , a molecule in our
08:39	eyes that's responsible for turning visible light into nerve signals
08:42	. And not to mention , most video screens and
08:45	computer equipment have lots of organic polymers . One important
08:48	breakthrough in polymer chemistry in the 19 seventies was how
08:51	to make plastics conduct electricity . These special kinds of
08:54	polymers are responsible for lightweight laptops , tablets and phones
08:58	we carry around because plastics are a lot lighter than
09:01	metals . Also , light emitting polymers are responsible for
09:04	full colour displays . These light emitting polymers behave almost
09:07	like metals but change colors with different amounts of electricity
09:11	, plenty of natural things like flowers , fruits and
09:13	vegetables are colored because of organic compounds to like beets
09:17	are high in bed linen , a dye that gives
09:19	them a lovely purple color . Some people don't metabolize
09:21	platinum so it turns their urine and feces purple .
09:24	It's also a great fabric dye . To bring this
09:26	all full circle organic compounds give color to a lot
09:29	of the foods and other things we see every single
09:31	day , whether they're fixed with your area or not
09:34	, I hope you're just as excited as I am
09:36	about how diverse organic compounds are . We're going to
09:39	learn so much together , but in this episode we
09:41	talked about the origins of modern organic chemistry , how
09:45	to write lewis structures , condemned structures and skeletal formulas
09:48	. A brief introduction to functional groups and hetero atoms
09:52	and how romans used to soak their fabrics in urine
09:55	, die to make them pretty colors . Next time
09:56	we'll work on nomenclature and what to call these organic
09:59	molecules . Thanks for watching this episode of Crash Course
10:02	Organic Chemistry . If you want to help keep all
10:04	crash Course free for everybody forever , you can join
10:07	our community on Patreon . Yeah .

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