Animals Working Together: Crash Course Zoology #10 - Free Educational videos for Students in K-12

Animals Working Together: Crash Course Zoology #10 - By CrashCourse

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00:0-1	like most people , I hate having a cold or
00:02	the flu , but being sick gets slightly better when
00:06	a friend drops off some classic movies or goes out
00:09	for a snack and comes back to throw it up
00:11	all over me . Wait , that's bad feeling ,
00:15	cared for . Makes me feel better even if I'm
00:18	still sick and vampire bats cheer up their sick friends
00:21	by going out , drinking some blood , coming back
00:25	and barfing it all over them , you know ?
00:27	So the sick bat doesn't have to go out .
00:29	We humans and bats are pretty social creatures , but
00:34	like you might have noticed with pretty much everything we
00:37	talk about in this course , there's a whole range
00:40	of ways that animals work and live together , social
00:44	behavior , like caring for our young , fighting off
00:47	rivals , joining a pac or even fusing together into
00:50	a huge super animal . Like the power rangers adds
00:54	a whole other layer of complexity to the lives of
00:57	animals and even raises questions about being culture and what
01:02	it means to be an individual . It's time to
01:05	put the meta in Meadows Owen I'm hank Green and
01:09	this is crash course philosophy just kidding , I'm way
01:14	younger than hank . I'm Raymond Grant and this is
01:17	crash course sociology with a hint of philosophy . Mhm
01:22	. Mhm . Yeah . Yeah . Mhm . All
01:31	animals , not just butterflies have some level of social
01:35	nous that influences how they interact with other animals in
01:39	their species formally , sociology is how much individual animals
01:45	tend to associate with other individuals in groups where they
01:49	cooperate together towards a shared goal like raising young or
01:53	hunting down food . We can think of sociology like
01:57	another layer of multicellular charity or being made up of
02:00	many different cells which is one of the four key
02:03	animal traits having more than one cell enables specialist tissues
02:08	and organs like a grain and opens up new ways
02:11	of life that bacteria can only dream of well if
02:16	they could dream because , you know , no brain
02:18	except in sociology . Instead of individual cells working together
02:23	, there are individual animals , many insects , a
02:27	few crustaceans and exactly two mammals practice the most extreme
02:32	form of social reality . They're are you social ,
02:35	which is a term first used by american entomologist Suzanne
02:38	Batra , who's known for her work on bees .
02:41	Use social societies have three essential characteristics . Many generations
02:47	are alive at the same time , there's an extreme
02:50	division of labor where individuals focus on just one specialized
02:54	task and older animals cooperatively raise younger ones , termites
03:00	might actually have been the first use social animals to
03:03	evolve . There's also an example of use social animals
03:06	so highly organized that the entire society functions like a
03:11	single super organism where groups of individuals function more like
03:15	different systems in the body that work together to keep
03:19	the overall organism alive . But use social reality isn't
03:23	the only way animals work together . Pre social animals
03:26	maintain close family relationships and maybe live together or cooperate
03:31	to raise young , but not as dramatically as truly
03:34	use social animals . Pre sociology is pretty common and
03:38	covers a huge range of behaviors . So scientists divide
03:42	animals further into categories and subcategories , two of which
03:47	are sub social and para social , which are the
03:50	ones most other animals fall into . In sub social
03:54	animals . Parents take care of their young for at
03:56	least a little bit . This includes a fair number
03:59	of animals , fish , many arthropods and yes ,
04:02	even some analysts like leeches , all mammals are at
04:07	the very least sub social since mothers feed their young
04:10	milk , but often mammals have more complex social lives
04:14	. Mammals can be para social animals that live together
04:18	in a single place and take care of their kids
04:20	for some amount of time . Sometimes they'll help their
04:23	buddies out with their kids or show mild versions of
04:26	some use social traits . Lions might be a familiar
04:29	example , but there are also social millipedes and even
04:33	spiders . And at the other end of the spectrum
04:36	, we've got solitary animals which live alone except for
04:40	times when they have to be around other animals to
04:43	mate or raise their own young . A lot of
04:46	solitary animals will wander a vast territory and have young
04:50	that grow up pretty quickly . But remember we humans
04:54	use all these categories to understand how non human animals
04:58	interact with each other , but they're pretty fuzzy .
05:01	Many animals have complicated social lives or change how they
05:05	interact with others in the species as they grow .
05:08	And we're still working on understanding what all those complexities
05:11	are , including how and why social behavior evolved in
05:17	the first place in the 19 sixties and seventies ,
05:20	evolutionary biologists who study how animals change over time and
05:24	how those changes resulted in the diversity we have today
05:28	connected altruism with the evolution of social behaviors . Altruism
05:33	is when an animal does something that benefits another at
05:37	its own expense , Like donating to a charity or
05:40	our vampire bat puking up blood in particular . We
05:44	believe animals engage in reciprocal altruism , meaning that when
05:48	they do something nice , they expect something in return
05:52	. Our vampire bat was nice to the sick bat
05:55	, not out of friendship , but in case it
05:57	got sick and needed blood vomit one day . To
06:00	specifically , it could be that some animals are driven
06:04	by inclusive fitness , which is when an individual can
06:08	increase its evolutionary fitness by supporting its non offspring relatives
06:13	. Like in this case it makes sense to give
06:15	up a small cost , like sharing your lunge for
06:18	a bigger benefit to relatives because their success , as
06:22	far as your genes are concerned , is still your
06:25	success . So as long as altruistic or inclusive fitness
06:29	behaviors are a net benefit for the genes involved ,
06:33	they'd show up more and more often in a population
06:36	and they could eventually lead to the evolution of complex
06:40	societies and social behaviors . But evolution has actually given
06:45	the world a social lifestyle so extreme . It gets
06:48	its own concept beyond sociology . Let's live a day
06:53	in the life of a colonial organism . The Portuguese
06:57	Man award allow me to introduce by saliyah faisal is
07:02	the man a war . It floats across the atlantic
07:06	indian and pacific oceans , sailing on the winds and
07:10	currents and dragging its long , stinging tentacles behind it
07:15	like a net , snatching up prey as it goes
07:19	. The man a war is are made up of
07:23	physically connected interdependent clones , basically the individual building blocks
07:30	that make it up are actually many animals called Zoidberg
07:35	or Raymond's instead of just individual cells . So we
07:40	call it a colonial organism like they're ours avoids that
07:45	make up the gas bladder that the manner were uses
07:47	to float around the steroids even pump out their own
07:52	carbon monoxide gas to inflate it . Others opioids form
07:56	the tentacles with little venomous barbs to paralyze prey with
08:02	their meal , trapped the tentacles pull the prey upward
08:05	, delivering the prey to others . Opioids that secrete
08:09	digestive proteins . There are also those opioids responsible for
08:14	making sperm or eggs and sums opioids called jelly polyps
08:19	probably do something . We just don't know what yet
08:23	. All those opioids look and act differently because even
08:28	though they all have the same genes , some have
08:31	turned different ones on or off . It's like when
08:35	you skip certain steps in a recipe , even if
08:38	you have the exact same instructions and ingredients , you
08:41	can get very different results . We call the whole
08:45	man a war , the Zune or Janet . And
08:48	for it to work as one unit , the Zoe
08:51	roids have to communicate with each other . We know
08:54	nerves help coordinate movement , but exactly how colonial organisms
08:59	work on a day to day basis remains mysterious .
09:05	Have a nice day or days . Man a war
09:09	corals and mana . Wars are the most well known
09:12	colonial organisms , but there are others like salps and
09:16	Pyrrhus OEMs . Colonial itty is such an extreme form
09:20	of sociology . We even consider it its own thing
09:24	and it's evolved independently multiple times . With some lineages
09:29	having more intense modularity or a division of labor between
09:33	the individual animals that make them up than others .
09:36	Some scientists hypothesize that colonial city is like an evolutionary
09:41	. If you can't beat them , join them .
09:43	Super intense competition for space , made an extreme division
09:47	of resources and cooperation a good strategy and being able
09:51	to grow and adapt indefinitely because each piece of a
09:55	colonial organism acts like its own independent subsection is a
09:59	plus . It's urban sprawl , but in animal form
10:03	. But even at the extremes , evolution makes no
10:07	commitments . Some previously colonial organisms , like some hard
10:11	corals and one group of the otherwise colonial to the
10:15	core fila of brio Zohan have returned to the single
10:19	ish life over time though . Why they quit on
10:23	colonial Itty is something that scientists are trying to figure
10:26	out . But maybe it's a similar explanation as to
10:30	why evolution reverts to something simpler in other traits being
10:34	colonial just wasn't beneficial enough to keep doing regardless of
10:39	how extreme the lifestyle , from our human perspective animals
10:44	forming what looks like societies or colonies brings up some
10:47	big philosophical questions that we really don't have good answers
10:52	for yet . Like take beehives and ant societies that
10:56	form super organisms or any colonial organism . What exactly
11:01	counts as the individual animal and who is evolving here
11:06	? The individual or the whole society or both ?
11:10	And it gets more complicated . Some colonial organisms like
11:15	briareos Owens reproduce in two different ways they sexually reproduce
11:21	between Zunes . But the individuals opioids are produced by
11:25	a sexual reproduction which is why they're clones . And
11:29	a 2020 paper by researchers from the US . and
11:32	Panama found that only traits passed between Zunes and not
11:37	individuals . Opioids could be inherited which means natural selection
11:42	and evolution like we see in other animals only applies
11:45	to the super organism and not the individuals making it
11:49	up . So is the zohar Oid or the Zune
11:52	the animal ? Yes . The lines really are that
11:56	murky . The other big question is whether animals have
11:59	culture or the collection of behaviors , customs and knowledge
12:03	of a group that has something in common like an
12:06	ethnic origin or location where they live . Culture is
12:10	passed down not by genetics but through learning culture seems
12:14	like a human thing , but animals like orcas speak
12:17	different dialects and use different hunting techniques depending on what
12:21	part of the world they're from , which looks like
12:24	a culture to me . So there's so much more
12:26	to learn in zoology . Animals live far richer social
12:30	lives than us . Humans give them credit for .
12:33	They consider if it's worth their trouble to help each
12:36	other out , hold specific jobs within their society and
12:40	some work so closely together that it's impossible to tell
12:44	where one animal ends and another begins . Their complex
12:48	social behaviors can even go way beyond anything us humans
12:53	are capable of . Next week , we'll talk about
12:56	a very different type of interaction between animals . That's
12:59	a lot less altruistic . If you want to learn
13:02	more about the man a war , we did an
13:04	entire episode on it . In bizarre beasts in this
13:07	series , hosts Hank green and Sarasota introduce you to
13:11	a new bizarre beast and explore what makes these animals
13:14	so weird to us . From birds whose babies have
13:18	claws on their wings to lizards with glowing bones ,
13:21	The show examines the how and why of some of
13:24	the world's most amazingly strange critters . And if you
13:29	want to take a bizarre beast home , check out
13:31	the bizarre beasts pin club . The links for the
13:34	channel and the pin club are in the description below
13:37	. Thanks for watching this episode of Crash Course ideology
13:40	, which was produced by complexity in partnership with PBS
13:43	and Nature . It's shot on the team Sandoval Pierre
13:46	stage and made with the help of all these nice
13:48	people . If you'd like to help keep Crash Course
13:51	free for everyone forever , you can join our community
13:53	on Patreon . Yeah .

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