American abolitionist and author
Harriet Beecher StoweStowe c. 1870BornHarriet Elisabeth Beecher(1811-06-14)June 14, 1811Litchfield, Connecticut, U.S.DiedJuly 1, 1896(1896-07-01) (aged 85)Hartford, Connecticut, U.S.Pen nameChristopher CrowfieldNotable worksUncle Tom's CabinSpouse
Calvin Ellis Stowe
(m. 1836; died 1886)Children7RelativesBeecher familySignature
Harriet Elisabeth Beecher Stowe (/stoʊ/; June 14, 1811 – July 1, 1896) was an American author and abolitionist. She came from the religious Beecher family and wrote the popular novel Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852), which depicts the harsh conditions experienced by enslaved African Americans. The book reached an audience of millions as a novel and play, and became influential in the United States and in Great Britain, energizing anti-slavery forces in the American North, while provoking widespread anger in the South. Stowe wrote 30 books, including novels, three travel memoirs, and collections of articles and letters. She was influential both for her writings as well as for her public stances and debates on social issues of the day.
Life and work[edit]
Harriet Elisabeth Beecher was born in Litchfield, Connecticut, on June 14, 1811.[1] She was the sixth of 11 children[2] born to outspoken Calvinist preacher Lyman Beecher. Her mother was his first wife, Roxana (Foote), a deeply religious woman who died when Stowe was only five years old. Roxana's maternal grandfather was General Andrew Ward of the Revolutionary War.[citation needed] Harriet's siblings included a sister, Catharine Beecher, who became an educator and author, as well as brothers who became ministers, including Henry Ward Beecher, who became a famous preacher and abolitionist, Charles Beecher, and Edward Beecher.[3]
Harriet enrolled in the Hartford Female Seminary run by her older sister Catharine, where she received a traditional academic education – rather uncommon for women at the time – with a focus in the classics, languages, and mathematics. Among her classmates was Sarah P. Willis, who later wrote under the pseudonym Fanny Fern.[4]
In 1832, at the age of 21, Harriet Beecher moved to Cincinnati, Ohio, to join her father, who had become the president of Lane Theological Seminary. There, she also joined the Semi-Colon Club, a literary salon and social club whose members included the Beecher sisters, Caroline Lee Hentz, Salmon P. Chase (future governor of Ohio and United States Secretary of the Treasury under President Abraham Lincoln), Emily Blackwell, and others.[5] Cincinnati's trade and shipping business on the Ohio River was booming, drawing numerous migrants from different parts of the country, including many escaped slaves, bounty hunters seeking them, and Irish immigrants who worked on the state's canals and railroads. In 1829, the ethnic Irish attacked blacks, wrecking areas of the city, trying to push out these competitors for jobs. Beecher met a number of African Americans who had suffered in those attacks, and their experience contributed to her later writing about slavery. Riots took place again in 1836 and 1841, driven also by native-born anti-abolitionists.[citation needed]
Harriet was also influenced by the Lane Debates on Slavery. The biggest event ever to take place at Lane, it was the series of debates held on 18 days in February 1834, between colonization and abolition defenders, decisively won by Theodore Weld and other abolitionists. Elisabeth attended most of the debates.[6]: 171 Her father and the trustees, afraid of more violence from anti-abolitionist whites, prohibited any further discussions of the topic. The result was a mass exodus of the Lane students, together with a supportive trustee and a professor, who moved as a group to the new Oberlin Collegiate Institute after its trustees agreed, by a close and acrimonious vote, to accept students regardless of "race", and to allow discussions of any topic.
It was in the literary club at Lane that she met Rev. Calvin Ellis Stowe, a widower who was a professor of Biblical Literature at the seminary.[7] The two married at the Seminary on January 6, 1836.[8] The Stowes had seven children, including twin daughters.[9]
Uncle Tom's Cabin and Civil War[edit]
Portrait of Stowe by Alanson Fisher, 1853 (National Portrait Gallery)
The Congress passed the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850, prohibiting assistance to fugitives and strengthening sanctions even in free states. At the time, Stowe had moved with her family to Brunswick, Maine, where her husband was now teaching at Bowdoin College. Their home near the campus is now protected as a National Historic Landmark.[10] The Stowes were ardent critics of slavery and supported the Underground Railroad, temporarily housing several fugitive slaves in their home. One fugitive from slavery, John Andrew Jackson, wrote of hiding with Stowe in her house in Brunswick as he fled to Canada in his narrative titled The Experience of a Slave in South Carolina (London: Passmore & Albaster, 1862).[11]
Stowe claimed to have had a vision of a dying slave during a communion service at Brunswick's First Parish Church, which inspired her to write his story.[12] What also likely allowed her to empathize with slaves was the loss of her eighteen-month-old son, Samuel Charles Stowe. She noted, "Having experienced losing someone so close to me, I can sympathize with all the poor, powerless slaves at the unjust auctions. You will always be in my heart Samuel Charles Stowe."[13] On March 9, 1850, Stowe wrote to Gamaliel Bailey, editor of the weekly anti-slavery journal The National Era, that she planned to write a story about the problem of slavery: "I feel now that the time is come when even a woman or a child who can speak a word for freedom and humanity is bound to speak ... I hope every woman who can write will not be silent."[14]
Daguerreotype portrait of Harriet Beecher Stowe, 1852
Shortly after in June 1851, when she was 40, the first installment of Uncle Tom's Cabin was published in serial form in the newspaper The National Era. She originally used the subtitle "The Man That Was a Thing", but it was soon changed to "Life Among the Lowly".[1] Installments were published weekly from June 5, 1851, to April 1, 1852.[14] For the newspaper serialization of her novel, Stowe was paid $400.[15] Uncle Tom's Cabin was published in book form on March 20, 1852, by John P. Jewett with an initial print run of 5,000 copies.[16] Each of its two volumes included three illustrations and a title-page designed by Hammatt Billings.[17] In less than a year, the book sold an unprecedented 300,000 copies.[18] By December, as sales began to wane, Jewett issued an inexpensive edition at 37+1⁄2 cents each to stimulate sales.[19] Sales abroad, as in Britain where the book was a great success, earned Stowe nothing as there was no international copyright agreement in place during that era.[20] In 1853, Stowe undertook a lecture tour of Britain and, to make up the royalties that she could not receive there, the Glasgow New Association for the Abolition of Slavery set up Uncle Tom's Offering.[21]
According to Daniel R. Vollaro, the goal of the book was to educate Northerners on the realistic horrors of the things that were happening in the South. The other purpose was to try to make people in the South feel more empathetic towards the people they were forcing into slavery.[22] The book's emotional portrayal of the effects of slavery on individuals captured the nation's attention. Stowe showed that slavery touched all of society, beyond the people directly involved as masters, traders and slaves. Her novel added to the debate about abolition and slavery, and aroused opposition in the South. In the South, Stowe was depicted as out of touch, arrogant, and guilty of slander. Within a year, 300 babies in Boston alone were named Eva (one of the book's characters), and a play based on the book opened in New York in November.[23] Southerners quickly responded with numerous works of what are now called anti-Tom novels, seeking to portray Southern society and slavery in more positive terms. Many of these were bestsellers, although none matched the popularity of Stowe's work, which set publishing records.[citation needed]
After the start of the Civil War, Stowe traveled to the capital, Washington, D.C., where she met President Abraham Lincoln on November 25, 1862.[24] Stowe's daughter, Hattie, reported, "It was a very droll time that we had at the White house I assure you ... I will only say now that it was all very funny – and we were ready to explode with laughter all the while."[25] What Lincoln said is a minor mystery. Her son later reported that Lincoln greeted her by saying, "so you are the little woman who wrote the book that started this great war",[26] but this story has been found to be apocryphal.[27] Her own accounts are vague, including the letter reporting the meeting to her husband: "I had a real funny interview with the President."[25]
Later years[edit]
Stowe purchased property near Jacksonville, Florida. In response to a newspaper article in 1873, she wrote, "I came to Florida the year after the war and held property in Duval County ever since. In all this time I have not received even an incivility from any native Floridian."[28]
Stowe is controversial for her support of Elizabeth Campbell, Duchess of Argyll, whose grandfather had been a primary enforcer of the Highland Clearances, the transformation of the remote Highlands of Scotland from a militia-based society to an agricultural one that supported far fewer people. The newly homeless moved to Canada, where very bitter accounts appeared. It was Stowe's assignment to refute them using evidence the Duchess provided, in Letter XVII Volume 1 of her travel memoir Sunny Memories of Foreign Lands.[29] Stowe was criticized for her seeming defense of the clearances.[30]
In 1868, Stowe became one of the first editors of Hearth and Home magazine, one of several new publications appealing to women; she departed after a year.[31] Stowe campaigned for the expansion of married women's rights, arguing in 1869 that:[32]
[T]he position of a married woman ... is, in many respects, precisely similar to that of the negro slave. She can make no contract and hold no property; whatever she inherits or earns becomes at that moment the property of her husband ... Though he acquired a fortune through her, or though she earned a fortune through her talents, he is the sole master of it, and she cannot draw a penny ... [I]n the English common law a married woman is nothing at all. She passes out of legal existence.
In the 1870s, Stowe's brother Henry Ward Beecher was accused of adultery, and became the subject of a national scandal. Unable to bear the public attacks on her brother, Stowe again fled to Florida but asked family members to send her newspaper reports.[33] Through the affair, she remained loyal to her brother and believed he was innocent.[34]
After her return to Connecticut, Mrs. Stowe was among the founders of the Hartford Art School, which later became part of the University of Hartford.
Following the death of her husband, Calvin Stowe, in 1886, Harriet started rapidly to decline in health. By 1888, The Washington Post reported that as a result of dementia the 77-year-old Stowe started writing Uncle Tom's Cabin over again. She imagined that she was engaged in the original composition, and for several hours every day she industriously used pen and paper, inscribing passages of the book almost exactly word for word. This was done unconsciously from memory, the author imagining that she composed the matter as she went along. To her diseased mind the story was brand new, and she frequently exhausted herself with labor that she regarded as freshly created.[35]
Mark Twain, a neighbor of Stowe's in Hartford, recalled her last years in the following passage of his autobiography:
Her mind had decayed, and she was a pathetic figure. She wandered about all the day long in the care of a muscular Irish woman. Among the colonists of our neighborhood the doors always stood open in pleasant weather. Mrs. Stowe entered them at her own free will, and as she was always softly slippered and generally full of animal spirits, she was able to deal in surprises, and she liked to do it. She would slip up behind a person who was deep in dreams and musings and fetch a war whoop that would jump that person out of his clothes. And she had other moods. Sometimes we would hear gentle music in the drawing-room and would find her there at the piano singing ancient and melancholy songs with infinitely touching effect.[36]
Modern researchers now speculate that at the end of her life she was suffering from Alzheimer's disease.[37]
Harriet Beecher Stowe grave
Harriet Beecher Stowe died on July 1, 1896, in Hartford, Connecticut, 17 days after her 85th birthday.
She is buried in the historic cemetery at Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts,[38] along with her husband and their son Henry Ellis.
Legacy[edit]
Stereoscope of Dr. Stowe and Harriet Beecher Stowe at the house in Mandarin, Florida
Landmarks[edit]
Multiple landmarks are dedicated to the memory of Harriet Beecher Stowe, and are located in several states including Ohio, Florida, Maine and Connecticut. The locations of these landmarks represent various periods of her life such as her father's house where she grew up and where she wrote her most famous work.
The Harriet Beecher Stowe House in Cincinnati, Ohio, is the former home of her father Lyman Beecher on the former campus of the Lane Seminary. Her father was a preacher who was greatly affected by the pro-slavery Cincinnati Riots of 1836. Harriet Beecher Stowe lived here until her marriage. It is open to the public and operated as a historical and cultural site, focusing on Harriet Beecher Stowe, the Lane Seminary and the Underground Railroad. The site also presents African-American history.[39]
In the 1870s and 1880s, Stowe and her family wintered in Mandarin, Florida, now a neighborhood of modern consolidated Jacksonville, on the St. Johns River. Stowe wrote Palmetto Leaves while living in Mandarin, arguably an eloquent piece of promotional literature directed at Florida's potential Northern investors at the time.[40] The book was published in 1873 and describes Northeast Florida and its residents. In 1874, Stowe was honored by the governor of Florida as one of several northerners who had helped Florida's growth after the war. In addition to her writings inspiring tourists and settlers to the area, she helped establish a church and a school, and she helped promote oranges as a major state crop through her own orchards.[41] The school she helped establish in 1870 was an integrated school in Mandarin for children and adults. This predated the national movement toward integration by more than a half century. The marker commemorating the Stowe family is located across the street from the former site of their cottage. It is on the property of the Community Club, at the site of a church where Stowe's husband once served as a minister. The Church of our Saviour is an Episcopal Church founded in 1880 by a group of people who had gathered for Bible readings with Professor Calvin E. Stowe and his famous wife. The house was constructed in 1883 which contained the Stowe Memorial stained glass window, created by Louis Comfort Tiffany.[42]
The Harriet Beecher Stowe House in Brunswick, Maine, is where Stowe lived when she wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin. Her husband was teaching theology at nearby Bowdoin College, and she regularly invited students from the college and friends to read and discuss the chapters before publication. Future Civil War general, and later Governor, Joshua Chamberlain was then a student at the college and later described the setting. "On these occasions," Chamberlain noted, "a chosen circle of friends, mostly young, were favored with the freedom of her house, the rallying point being, however, the reading before publication, of the successive chapters of her Uncle Tom's Cabin, and the frank discussion of them."[citation needed] In 2001, Bowdoin College purchased the house, together with a newer attached building, and was able to raise the substantial funds necessary to restore the house. It is now open to the public.
The Harriet Beecher Stowe House in Hartford, Connecticut, is the house where Stowe lived for the last 23 years of her life. It was next door to the house of fellow author Mark Twain. In this 5,000 sq ft (460 m2) cottage-style house, there are many of Beecher Stowe's original items and items from the time period. In the research library, which is open to the public, there are numerous letters and documents from the Beecher family. The house is open to the public and offers house tours on the hour.[43]
In 1833, during Stowe's time in Cincinnati, the city was afflicted with a serious cholera epidemic. To avoid illness, Stowe made a visit to Washington, Kentucky, a major community of the era just south of Maysville. She stayed with the Marshall Key family, one of whose daughters was a student at Lane Seminary. It is recorded that Mr. Key took her to see a slave auction, as they were frequently held in Maysville. Scholars believe she was strongly moved by the experience. The Marshall Key home still stands in Washington. Key was a prominent Kentuckian; his visitors also included Henry Clay and Daniel Webster.[44]
The Uncle Tom's Cabin Historic Site is part of the restored Dawn Settlement at Dresden, Ontario, which is 20 miles east of Algonac, Michigan. The community for freed slaves founded by the Rev. Josiah Henson and other abolitionists in the 1830s has been restored. There's also a museum. Henson and the Dawn Settlement provided Stowe with the inspiration for Uncle Tom's Cabin.[45]
Honors[edit]
Bust by Brenda Putnam at Hall of Fame for Great Americans
In 1986, Stowe was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame.[46]
On June 13, 2007, the United States Postal Service issued a 75¢ Distinguished Americans series postage stamp in her honor.[47]
Harris–Stowe State University in St. Louis, Missouri, is named for Stowe and William Torrey Harris.[48]
In 2010, Stowe was proposed by the Ohio Historical Society as a finalist in a statewide vote for inclusion in Statuary Hall at the United States Capitol (Thomas Edison was chosen instead).[49]
Selected works[edit]
Books[edit]
Novels[edit]
"Uncle Tom's Cabin; or, Life Among the Lowly". The National Era. June 5, 1851. (First two chapters of serialized version which ran for 40 numbers.) (Digitized version of entire series by University of Virginia.)
Uncle Tom's Cabin, or, Life among the Lowly. Boston & Cleveland: J.P. Jewett; Jewett, Proctor & Worthington. 1852. (Published in 2 volumes; stereotyped by Hobart & Robbins.) (One volume 1853 edition is hosted by HathiTrust.)
Uncle Tom's Cabin: The Great American Novel, to be completed in six weekly numbers, price one penny each Saturday. London: Vickers. August 7, 1852. (Title from first number.)
Uncle Tom's Cabin; or, The History of a Christian Slave. London: Partridge and Oakey. 1852. (First English illustrated edition.) (Digital copy hosted by HathiTrust.)
Dred, A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp. Boston: Phillips, Sampson. 1856.
Our Charley and What to do with Him. Boston: Phillips, Sampson. 1858.
The Minister's Wooing. New York: Derby and Jackson. 1859.
The Pearl of Orr's Island: A Story of the Coast of Maine. Boston: Ticknor and Fields. 1862. (Ebook available at Project Gutenberg.)
Agnes of Sorrento. Boston: Ticknor and Fields. 1862. (Digital copy hosted by Archive.org)
Oldtown Folks. Montreal; London: Dawson; Sampson Low, Son & Marston. 1869. (Digitized version at UPenn Digital Library)
Little Pussy Willow. Boston: Fields, Osgood. 1870. (1871 printing available at Internet Archive.)
Pink and White Tyranny; A Society Novel. Boston: Roberts Brothers. 1871. (Ebook available at Project Gutenberg.)
My Wife and I: or, Harry Henderson's History. Boston; New York: Houghton, Mifflin and Co.; J.B. Ford and Company. 1871. (Digital copy hosted by HathiTrust.)
Six of One by Half a Dozen of the Other. Boston: Roberts Brothers. 1872. (co-authored with Adeline D.T. Whitney, Lucretia P. Hale, Frederic W. Loring, Frederic B. Perkins and Edward E. Hale.) (Digital copy at Google Books.)
We and our Neighbors; or, The Records of an Unfashionable Street: A Novel. New York: J.B. Ford & Company. January 10, 1875. [1875]. (Sequel to My wife and I.) (Digital copy hosted by HathiTrust.)
Drama[edit]
The Christian Slave. A Drama founded on a Portion of Uncle Tom's Cabin. Boston: Phillips, Sampson & Company. 1855. (Closet drama or reading version based on Uncle Tom's Cabin.) (Digital copy hosted by HathiTrust.)
Poetry[edit]
Religious Poems. Boston: Ticknor and Fields. 1867. (Digital copy hosted by Internet Archive.)
Non-fiction[edit]
A New England Sketchbook. Lowell [Mass.]: A. Gilman. 1834. (As Harriet E. Beecher.)
Earthly Care, A Heavenly Discipline. Boston: The American Tract Society. [ca. 1845].
"A New Year's Dream". The Christian Keepsake, and Missionary Annual, for MDCCCXLIX. n.l.: Brower, Hayes & Co. [1849].
History of the Edmonson Family. Andover, Mass.: The Author. 1852?. (Self-published book to raise funds to educate Emily and Mary Edmonson, former slaves redeemed by a public subscription in 1848, supported by Stowe.)
A Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin, presenting the original facts and documents upon which the story is founded together with corroborative statements verifying the truth of the work. Boston, Cleveland, London: John P. Jewett & Co.; Jewett, Proctor & Worthington; Low and Company. 1853.(Digital Copy hosted by HathiTrust.)
Sunny Memories of Foreign Lands. Boston; New York: Phillips, Sampson, and Company; J.C. Derby. 1854. (Digital copy hosted by HathiTrust: Volume I and Volume II.)
First Geography for Children. Boston: Philips, Sampson and Co. 1855. (Digital copy hosted by HathiTrust.)
Stories about our Dogs. Edinburgh: William P. Nimmo. [1865]. (Nimmo's Sixpenny Juvenile Series.) (Digital copy hosted by University of Florida's George A. Smathers Library.)
House and Home Papers. Boston: Ticknor and Fields. 1865. (Published under the name of Christopher Crowfield.) (Digital copy hosted by Archive.org.)
Little Foxes. Boston: Ticknor and Fields. 1866. (Published under the name of Christopher Crowfield.) (Digital copy hosted by Archive.org.)
Men of our Times; or, Leading Patriots of the Day. Being narratives of the lives and deeds of statesmen, generals, and orators. Including biographical sketches and anecdotes of Lincoln, Grant, Garrison, Sumner, Chase, Wilson, Greeley, Farragut, Andrew, Colfax, Stanton, Douglass, Buckingham, Sherman, Sheridan, Howard, Phillips and Beecher. Hartford, Conn.; New York: Hartford Publishing Co.; J.D. Denison. 1868. (Digital copy hosted by HathiTrust.)
The Chimney Corner. Boston: Ticknor and Fields. 1868. (Published under the name of Christopher Crowfield.) (Digital copy hosted by HathiTrust.)* The American Woman's Home; or, Principles of Domestic Science being a guide to the formation and maintenance of economical, healthful, beautiful, and Christian homes. New York; Boston: J.B. Ford and Company; H.A. Brown & Co. 1869. (Written with Catherine Beecher.) (Digitized version at MSU Historic American Cookbook Project.) Textbook version: Principles of Domestic Science as Applied to the Duties and Pleasures of Home: A Text-book for the use of Young Ladies in Schools, Seminaries, and Colleges. New York: J.B. Ford and Company. 1870. (Digital copy hosted by Archive.com.)
The Lives and Deeds of our Self-Made Men. Hartford, Conn.: Worthington, Dustin. 1872. (Digital copy at Archive.org.)
Lady Byron Vindicated: A History of the Byron Controversy, from its beginning in 1816 to the present time. Boston: Fields, Osgood, & Co. 1870. (Ebook available at Project Gutenberg.)
Palmetto-Leaves. Boston: J.R. Osgood and Company. 1873. (Digital copy is hosted by Archive.org.)
Woman in Sacred History: A Series of Sketches Drawn from Scriptural, Historical, and Legendary Sources. New York: J.B. Ford and Company. 1873. (Digital copy of 1874 printing is hosted at Archive.org.)
Footsteps of the Master. New York: J.B. Ford & Company. 1877. (Digital copy hosted by HathiTrust.)
Bible Heroines, Being Narrative Biographies of Prominent Hebrew Women in the Patriarchal, National, and Christian Eras, Giving Views of Women in Sacred History, as Revealed in the Light of the Present Day. New York: Fords, Howard, & Hulbert. 1878. (Digital copy hosted by HathiTrust.)
Poganuc People: Their Loves and Lives. New York: Fords, Howard, & Hulbert. 1878. [1878]. (Digital copy hosted at Hathi Trust.)
He's Coming Tomorrow. Boston: James H. Earle. [published between 1889 and 1883]. (Digital copy of 1901 edition published by Fleming N. Revell hosted by Archive.org.)
A Dog's Mission; or, The Story of the Old Avery House and Other Stories. New York: Fords, Howard, and Hulbert. 1880. (Collection of children's stories consisting of "A Dog's Mission", "Lulu's Pupil", "The Daisy's First Winter", "Our Charley", "Take Care of the Hook", "A Talk about Birds", "The Nest in the Orchard" AND "The Happy Child".) (Digital copy hosted by HathiTrust.)
Collections[edit]
The Mayflower; or, Sketches of Scenes and Characters among the Descendants of the Pilgrims. New York: Harper & Brothers. 1843. (Consists of the stories: "Love versus Law", "The Tea-rose", "Trials of a Housekeeper", "Little Edward", "Let Every Man Mind His Own Business", "Cousin William", "Uncle Tim", "Aunt Mary", "Frankness", "The Sabbath", "So many Calls", "The Canal-boat", "Feeling", "The Sempstress", "Old Father Morris". (Digital copy hosted by Archive.org.)
Uncle Sam's Emancipation; Earthly Care, A Heavenly Discipline; and Other Sketches. Philadelphia: W.P. Hazard. 1853. (Consists of the following sketches: "Account of Mrs. Beecher Stowe and her Family", "Uncle Sam's Emancipation", "Earthly Care, A Heavenly Discipline", "A Scholar's Adventure in the Country", "Children", "The Two Bibles", "Letter from Maine, No. 1", "Letter from Maine, No. 2", "Christmas; or, The Good Fairy".) (Digital copy hosted at HathiTrust.)
Evergreen: Being the Smaller Works of Mrs. H. Beecher Stowe. Belfast: Alex. S. Mayne. 1853. (A collection of works consisting of: "The New Year's Gift", "The Bible, The Source of Sure Comfort", "Make to Yourselves Driends", "Earthly Care, A Heavenly Discipline", "So Many Calls", "Learn of Children", "Anti-slavery Meeting in Glasgow, Letter from Mrs. Stowe to Dr Wardlaw".)
Queer Little People. Boston: Ticknor and Fields. 1868. (Published under the name of Christopher Crowfield.) (Digital copy hosted by HathiTrust.) (Consists of the following stories: "The Hen That Hatched Ducks", "The Nutcracker of Nutcracker Lodge", "The History of Tip-Top", "Miss Katy-Did and Miss Cricket", "Mother Magpie's Micschief", "The Squirrels that Live in a House", "Hum, the Son of Buz", "Our Country Neighbors", "Our Dogs", "Dogs and Cats", "Aunt Esther's Rules", "Aunt Esther's Stories", "Sir Walter Scott and his Dogs" and "Country Neighbors Again".)
Oldtown Fireside Stories. Boston: J.R. Osgood. 1872. (Digital copy hosted by HathiTrust.) (Consists of the stories: "The Ghost in the Mill", "The Sullivan Looking-Glass", "The Minister's Housekeeper", "The Widow's Bandbox", "Captain Kidd's Money", "'Mis' Elderkin's Pitcher'", "The Ghost in the Cap'n Brownhouse".)
Betty's Bright Idea [and Other Stories]. New York: J.B. Ford & Company. 1876. (In addition to the title story, the book includes "Deacon Pitkin's Farm" and "The First Christmas of New England".) (Digital copy hosted by HathiTrust.)
Sam Lawson's Oldtown Fireside Stories. Boston; New York: Houghton, Mifflin and Company. 1887. (Digital copy hosted by HathiTrust.) (Consists of: "The Ghost in the Mill", "The Sullivan Looking-Glass", "The Minister's Housekeeper", "The Widow's Bandbox", "Captain Kidd's Money", "'Mis' Elderkin's pitcher'", "The Ghost in the Cap'n Brown House", "Colonel Eph's Shoebuckles", "The Bull-Fight", "How to Fight the Devil", "Laughin' in Meetin'", "Tom Toothacre's Ghost Story", "The Parson's Horse-Race", "Oldtown Fireside Talks of the Revolution" and "A Student's Sea Story".)
Stories and articles[edit]
"Cousin William". The Boston Weekly Magazine. 1 (3): 19. September 22, 1838.
"Old Father Morris". Lady's Book: 145. October 1838.
"Flower Gathering". Southern Rose. 7 (4): 60. October 13, 1838.
"Trials of a Housekeeper". Godey's Lady's Book. XVIII: 4. January 1839.
"Stealing Peaches". Episcopal Recorder. 16 (43): 172. January 19, 1839.
"Olympiana". Lady's Book: 241. June 1839.
"The Drunkard Reclaimed (I)". New York Evangelist. 10 (48): 1. November 30, 1839. and "The Drunkard Reclaimed (II)". New York Evangelist. 10 (40): 1. December 7, 1839.
"Art and Nature". Lady's Book: 241. December 1839.
"Mark Meriden" in E. Leslie, ed. (1841). Mr. and Mrs. Woodbridge with Other Tales. Providence, R.I.: Isaac H. Cady. p. 129. (Digital copy hosted by HathiTrust.)
"The Tea Rose". Godey's Lady's Book. 24 (3): 145. March 1842.
"The Dancing School (I)". New York Evangelist. 14 (14): 1. April 6, 1843. and "The Dancing School (II)". New York Evangelist. 14 (14): 1. April 13, 1843.
"The Family Circle". Christian Reflector. 6 (19). May 10, 1843.
"Feeling". New York Evangelist. 14 (16): 1. April 20, 1843.
"Now we see through a glass darkly". New York Evangelist. 14 (23): 1. June 8, 1843.
"The Bashful Cousin". Philanthropist. 7 (44): 4. July 12, 1843.
"So Many Calls". Ladies Repository, and Gatherings of the West. 3: 278. September 1843.
"The Nursery (I)". The Youth's Companion. 17 (25): 98. October 26, 1843. and "The Nursery (II)". The Youth's Companion. 17 (26): 102. November 2, 1843.
"Which is the Liberal Man?". New York Evangelist. 15 (5): 1. February 1, 1844.
"Moralist and Miscellanist". Christian Reflector. 7 (6): 24. February 8, 1844.
"Mark Meriden". The Rover: A Weekly Magazine of Tales, Poetry, and Engravings. 3 (24): 376. August 7, 1844.
"Tales and Sketches of Real Life". Littell's Living Age. 2 (18): 339. September 14, 1844.
"Mary at the Cross". New York Evangelist. 15 (48): 192. November 28, 1844.
"Love and Fear". New York Evangelist. 15 (49): 196. December 5, 1844.
"Immediate Emancipation – A Sketch". The Cincinnati Weekly Herald and Philanthropist. 9 (21): 2. February 5, 1845.
"Ladies' Department". Massachusetts Ploughman and New England Journal of Agriculture. 4 (24): 4. March 15, 1845.
"Narrative". The Youth's Companion. 18 (48): 190. April 3, 1845.
"Slavery". Zion's Herald and Wesleyan Journal. 16 (15): 60. April 9, 1845.
"The Interior or Hidden Life". New York Evangelist. 16 (16): 1. April 17, 1845..
"Uncle Abel and Little Edatrd". Zion's Herald and Wesleyan Journal. 16 (21): 1. May 21, 1845..
"A Tradition of the Church of Laodicea". Episcopal Recorder. 23 (28): 109. September 27, 1845.
"Children". New York Evangelist. 17 (3): 1. January 15, 1846.
"What will the American People do? (I)". New York Evangelist. 17 (5): 1. January 29, 1846. and "What will the American People do? (II)". New York Evangelist. 17 (6): 1. February 5, 1846.
"Parents and Children". The New York Observer and Chronicle. 24 (32): 128. August 8, 1946.
"The Way to Live on Christ". Christian Watchman. 28 (2): 1. January 8, 1847.
"Feelings". Godey's Magazine and Lady's Book. 36: 102. February 1848.
"The Coral Ring". Godey's Magazine and Lady's Book. 36: 340. June 1848.
"Moral Tales (I)". The Youth's Companion. 22 (20): 77. September 14, 1848. and "Moral Tales (II)". The Youth's Companion. 22 (21): 81. September 21, 1848.
"Atonement – A Historical Reverie". New York Evangelist. 19 (52): 1. December 28, 1948.
"A Little Child Shall Lead Them". Christian Parlor Magazine: 248. May 1, 1850.
"The Freeman's Dream: A Parable". National Era. IV (31): 121. August 1, 1850.
"Earthly Care a Heavenly Discipline". New York Evangelist. 21 (1): 1. August 1, 1850.
"Heinrich Stilling". New York Evangelist. 22 (6): 1. February 6, 1851.
"The Two Altars; or, Two Pictures in One (I)". New York Evangelist. 22 (24): 1. June 12, 1851. and "The Two Altars; or, Two Pictures in One (II)". New York Evangelist. 22 (25): 1. June 19, 1851. (Reprinted in a collection of leading abolitionists with facsimile signatures of the authors: Autographs for Freedom. London: Sampson Low, Son & Co.; and John Cassell. 1853. p. 88. Digitised by Archive.org.)
"A Reply". The Atlantic Monthly. 11: 120. January 1863.
"The True Story of Lady Byron's Life". The Atlantic Monthly. 24: 295. September 1869.
See also[edit]
Origins of the American Civil War
Notes[edit]
^ a b McFarland, Philip. Loves of Harriet Beecher Stowe. New York: Grove Press, 2007: 112. ISBN 978-0-8021-4390-7.
^ Hedrick 1994, p. 6.
^ Applegate, Debby (2006). The Most Famous Man in America: The Biography of Henry Ward Beecher. Doubleday Religious Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-307-42400-6.
^ Warren, Joyce W. Fanny Fern: An Independent Woman. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1992: 21. ISBN 0-8135-1763-X.
^ Tonkovic, Nicole. Domesticity with a Difference: The Nonfiction of Catharine Beecher, Sarah J. Hale, Fanny Fern, and Margaret Fuller. University Press of Mississippi, 1997: 12. ISBN 0-87805-993-8.
^ Williams Jr., Donald E. (2014). Prudence Crandall's legacy: the fight for equality in the 1830s, Dred Scott, and Brown v. Board of Education. Middletown, Connecticut: Wesleyan University Press. ISBN 978-0-8195-7470-1.
^ "Lane Seminary". Vermont Chronicle. Bellows Falls, Vermont. September 7, 1832. p. 3 – via newspapers.com.
^ McFarland, Philip. Loves of Harriet Beecher Stowe. New York: Grove Press, 2007: 21. ISBN 978-0-8021-4390-7
^ "Family". The Harriet Beecher Stowe Center. Retrieved June 4, 2024.
^ "Harriet Beecher Stowe House". www.bowdoin.edu. Retrieved September 24, 2018.
^ Ashton, Susanna. "The Genuine Article: Harriet Beecher Stowe and John Andrew Jackson". Commonplace: A Journal of Early American Life. Retrieved November 14, 2020.
^ Ashby, Thompson Eldridge and Louise R. Helmreich (1969). A History of the First Parish Church in Brunswick, Maine. Brunswick, Maine: J.H. French. p. 229.
^ Gershon, Noel (1976). Harriet Beecher Stowe: Biography. New York: Henry Holt and Co.[page needed]
^ a b Hedrick 1994, p. 208.
^ Lyons, Martyn (2011). Books: A Living History. Los Angeles: J. Paul Getty Museum. p. 143.
^ McFarland, Philip. Loves of Harriet Beecher Stowe. New York: Grove Press, 2007: 80–81. ISBN 978-0-8021-4390-7.
^ Parfait, Claire. The Publishing History of Uncle Tom's Cabin, 1852–2002. Ashgate Publishing, 2007: 71–72. ISBN 978-0-7546-5514-5.
^ Morgan, Jo-Ann. Uncle Tom's Cabin As Visual Culture. University of Missouri Press, 2007: 136–137. ISBN 978-0-8262-1715-8
^ Parfait, Claire. The Publishing History of Uncle Tom's Cabin, 1852–2002. Ashgate Publishing, 2007: 78. ISBN 978-0-7546-5514-5.
^ Lyons, Martyn. Books: A Living History. Los Angeles: J. Paul Getty Museum, 2011. Chapter 4, p. 143.
^ Mullen, Stephen. (2009). It wisnae us: the truth about Glasgow and slavery. Royal Incorporation of Architects in Scotland. Glasgow Anti Racist Alliance. Edinburgh: Royal Incorporation of Architects in Scotland. p. 75. ISBN 978-1-873190-62-3. OCLC 551393830.
^ Vollaro, Daniel R. "Lincoln, Stowe, and the 'Little Woman/Great War' Story: The Making, And Breaking, Of A Great American Anecdote". Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association 30.1 (2015).
^ Morgan, Jo-Ann. Uncle Tom's Cabin As Visual Culture. University of Missouri Press, 2007: 137. ISBN 978-0-8262-1715-8
^ McFarland, Philip. Loves of Harriet Beecher Stowe. New York: Grove Press, 2007: 163. ISBN 978-0-8021-4390-7
^ a b Hedrick 1994, p. 306.
^ David B. Sachsman; S. Kittrell Rushing; Roy Morris (2007). Memory and Myth: The Civil War in Fiction and Film from Uncle Tom's Cabin to Cold Mountain. Purdue University Press. p. 8. ISBN 978-1-55753-439-2.
^ Vollaro, Daniel R. "Lincoln, Stowe, and the 'Little Woman/Great War' Story: The Making, And Breaking, Of A Great American Anecdote". Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association 30.1 (2015).
^ Mandarin Musical Society, "Harriet Beecher Stowe," http://www.mandarinmuseum.net/harriet-beecher-stowe
^ Harriet Beecher Stowe (1854). Sunny memories of foreign lands. Phillips, Sampson, and Company. pp. 301–313.
^ For a hostile account see Judie Newman, "Stowe's sunny memories of Highland slavery." in Beer, Janet; Bennett, Bridget, eds. (2002). Special Relationships: Anglo-American Affinities and Antagonisms 1854–1936. Manchester University Press. pp. 28–41.
^ Mott, Frank Luther. A History of American Magazine, 1865–1885, p. 99 (1938)
^ Homestead, Melissa J. (2005). American Women Authors and Literary Property, 1822–1869. NY: Cambridge University Press. p. 29. ISBN 978-1-139-44689-1.
^ Applegate, Debby. The Most Famous Man in America: The Biography of Henry Ward Beecher. New York: Three Leaves Press, 2006: 444. ISBN 978-0-385-51397-5
^ McFarland, Philip. Loves of Harriet Beecher Stowe. New York: Grove Press, 2007: 270. ISBN 978-0-8021-4390-7
^ "Rewriting Uncle Tom" Retrieved September 6, 2013.
^ Smith, Harriet Elinor, ed. (2010). Autobiography of Mark Twain: Volume 1. University of California Press. pp. 438–39. ISBN 978-0-520-26719-0.
^ Hedrick 1994, p. 384.
^ Wilson, Scott. Resting Places: The Burial Sites of More Than 14,000 Famous Persons, 3d ed.: 2 (Kindle Location 45342). McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers. Kindle Edition.
^ "Stowe House". ohiohistory.org. Archived from the original on July 17, 2007. Retrieved July 27, 2009.
^ Thulesius, Olav. Harriet Beecher Stowe in Florida, 1867 to 1884, Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Co, 2001
^ Koester, Nancy. Harriet Beecher Stowe: A Spiritual Life. Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 2014: 305. ISBN 978-0-8028-3304-4
^ Wood, Wayne (1996). Jacksonville's Architectural Heritage. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida. p. 284. ISBN 978-0-8130-0953-7.
^ "Hours & Admission". March 28, 2019.
^ Calvert and Klee, Towns of Mason County [KY], LCCN 86-62637[dead link], 1986, Maysville and Mason County Library, Historical, and Scientific Association.
^ "'The Dawn Settlement' – Dresden". Ontario Provincial Plaques on Waymarking.com. Retrieved June 14, 2012.
^ National Women's Hall of Fame, Harriet Beecher Stowe
^ "Stamp Announcement 07-19: Harriet Beecher Stowe". United States Postal Service. Retrieved May 27, 2019.
^ "Campus History". Harris-Stowe State University. Retrieved December 23, 2013.
^ Guillen, Joe (July 7, 2010). "Ohioans pick Thomas Edison to represent the state at U.S. Capitol". cleveland.com. Retrieved May 27, 2019.
Further reading[edit]
Armbruster, Elif S. (2011). Domestic Biographies: Stowe, Howells, James, and Wharton at Home. New York: Peter Lang Academic Publishers.
Adams, Bluford (December 18, 2014). ""A Word or Two on the Other Side": Harriet Beecher Stowe in the Debate Over Women's Health". ESQ: A Journal of the American Renaissance. 60 (4): 593–633. doi:10.1353/esq.2014.0019. ISSN 1935-021X. S2CID 161598914.
DiMaggio, Kenneth (2014). "Uncle Tom's Cabin: Global Best Seller, Anti-slave Narrative, Imperialist Agenda". The Global Studies Journal. 7 (1): 15–23. doi:10.18848/1835-4432/CGP/46892.
Hedrick, Joan D. (August 1997). "Harriet Beecher Stowe". In Richard Kopley (ed.). Prospects for the Study of American Literature: A Guide for Scholars and Students. NYU Press. pp. 112–32. ISBN 978-0-8147-4698-1. Retrieved September 20, 2018.
Hedrick, Joan D. (1994). Harriet Beecher Stowe: A Life. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-506639-5. Winner of the 1995 Pulitzer Prize for Biography or Autobiography.
Holliger, Andrea (March 20, 2015). "America's Culture of Servitude at War: The Servant Problem, The Soldier Problem, and Harriet Beecher Stowe's House and Home Papers". ESQ: A Journal of the American Renaissance. 61 (1): 37–72. doi:10.1353/esq.2015.0004. ISSN 1935-021X. S2CID 159913134. Retrieved September 20, 2018.
Kellow, Margaret M.R. (November 2013). "Women and Abolitionism in the United States: Recent Historiography" (PDF). History Compass. 11 (11): 1008–20. doi:10.1111/hic3.12100. ISSN 1478-0542. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 16, 2017. Retrieved September 20, 2018.
Klein, Rachel N. (October 1, 2001). "Harriet Beecher Stowe and the Domestication of Free Labor Ideology". Legacy. 18 (2): 135–52. doi:10.1353/leg.2001.0026. ISSN 1534-0643. S2CID 144096199.
Koester, Nancy. Harriet Beecher Stowe: A Spiritual Life (Eerdmans, 2014). pp. xi, 371.
Nichols, Anne (2016). "Harriet Beecher Stowe's Woman In Sacred History: Biblical Criticism, Evolution, and the Maternal Ethic". Religion & Literature. 47 (3). Retrieved September 20, 2018.
Oakes, James (2014). "Harriet Beecher Stowe and Her British Sisters", in The Scorpion's Sting: Antislavery and the Coming of the Civil War. W. W. Norton & Company.
Pelletier, Kevin (2013). "David Walker, Harriet Beecher Stowe, and the Logic of Sentimental Terror". African American Review. 46 (2): 255–69. doi:10.1353/afa.2013.0079. ISSN 1945-6182. S2CID 142191833.
Scott, John Anthony. Woman Against Slavery: The Story of Harriet Beecher Stowe. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell, 1978. ISBN 978-0-690-00701-5.
Vollaro, Daniel R., "Lincoln, Stowe, and the 'Little Woman/Great War' Story: The Making, and Breaking, of a Great American Anecdote", Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association, vol. 30, issue 1 (Winter 2009).
Wilson, Edmund (1962). "Harriet Beecher Stowe". Patriotic Gore. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-1-4668-9963-6. OCLC 269476.
External links[edit]
Harriet Beecher Stowe at Wikipedia's sister projects
Media from CommonsQuotations from WikiquoteTexts from WikisourceData from Wikidata
Library resources about Harriet Beecher Stowe
Online books
Resources in your library
Resources in other libraries
By Harriet Beecher Stowe
Online books
Resources in your library
Resources in other libraries
External videos Presentation by Joan Hedrick on Harriet Beecher Stowe: A Life, October 17, 1996, C-SPAN
Harriet Beecher Stowe's Cat Calvin
Harriet Beecher Stowe at IMDb
Works by Harriet Beecher Stowe in eBook form at Standard Ebooks
Works by Harriet Beecher Stowe at Project Gutenberg
Works by or about Harriet Beecher Stowe at the Internet Archive
Works by Harriet Beecher Stowe at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin: an Electronic Edition of the National Era Version – Edited by textual scholar Wesley Raabe, this is the first edition of the novel to be based on the original text published in the National Era
Uncle Tom's Cabin and American Culture – A multimedia archive edited by Stephen Railton about the Stowe's novel's place in American history and society
Harriet Beecher Stowe House & Center – Stowe's adulthood home in Hartford, Connecticut
Harriet Beecher Stowe Society – Scholarly organization dedicated to the study of the life and works of Harriet Beecher Stowe
The Online Books Page (University of Pennsylvania)
Life of Harriet Beecher Stowe Compiled From Her Letters and Journals by Her Son Charles Edward Stowe at Project Gutenberg
Harriet Beecher Stowe's brief biography and works
"How To Live on Christ", a pamphlet by Harriet Beecher Stowe, taken from her Introduction to Christopher Dean's Religion As It Should Be or The Remarkable Experience and Triumphant Death of Ann Thane Peck published in 1847 – Hudson Taylor sent a pamphlet using the words of this preface out to all the missionaries of the China Inland Mission in 1869.
Barron's BookNotes for Uncle Tom's Cabin – The Author and Her Times
"Writings of Harriet Beecher Stowe" from C-SPAN's American Writers: A Journey Through History
Letter from Harriet Beecher Stowe to Horace Mann, 2 March 1852 from the Horace Mann Papers III at the Massachusetts Historical Society, retrieved June 4, 2012
Beecher-Stowe family Papers. Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University.
The 1849 Cholera Epidemic in Kentucky and Ohio and its connection to Harriet Beecher Stowe's "Uncle Tom's Cabin"
Michals, Debra "Harriet Beecher Stowe". National Women's History Museum. 2017.
Stowe family collection from Princeton University Library. Special Collections
vteHarriet Beecher StoweWorks
"Let Every Man Mind His Own Business" (1839)
Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852)
A Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin (1853)
Dred, A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp (1856)
The Minister's Wooing (1859)
Oldtown Folks (1869)
Palmetto Leaves (1873)
People
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Henry Ward Beecher
Charles Beecher
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Locations
Harriet Beecher Stowe House (Ohio)
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James Bradley (former slave)
John Rankin (abolitionist)
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Frances Harper
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Daniel Hughes
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Places
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houses
churches
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Events
Emeline and Samuel Hawkins flight (1845)
Pearl incident (1848)
Kentucky raid in Cass County (1847)
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Christiana Riot (1851)
Jerry Rescue (1851)
Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852 book)
Joshua Glover rescue (1854)
Dred: A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp (1856 book)
Dover Eight (1857)
Oberlin–Wellington Rescue (1858)
Tilly Escape (1856)
Ann Maria Jackson and her seven children (1859)
Thirteenth Amendment (1865)
Topics
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1850
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Related
National Underground Railroad Freedom Center
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visitor center
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The Railroad to Freedom: A Story of the Civil War (1932 book)
A Woman Called Moses (1978 miniseries)
Roots of Resistance (1989 documentary)
The Quest for Freedom (1992 film)
Freedom: The Underground Railroad (2013 board game)
The North Star (2016 film)
Underground (2016 TV series)
Harriet (2019 film)
The Underground Railroad (2021 miniseries)
See also: Slavery in the United States and Slavery in Canada
vteConnecticut Women's Hall of Fame1990s1994
Mary Jobe Akeley
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Dorothy Goodwin
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1995
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1996
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1997
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1998
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1999
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2000s2000
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2001
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2002
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2003
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2005
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2007
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2011
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1979
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1980–19891980
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1981
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1982
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1983
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1984
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1985
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1986
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1988
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1989
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1990–19991990
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1991
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1992
Mary of the Annunciation Beaumont
Antoinette Eaton
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1993
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1994
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Georgia Griffith
Florence Melton
Lucille Nussdorfer
Jane Reece
Emma Ann Reynolds
Carol Scott
Paula Spence
Deanna Tribe
Lillian Wald
1995
Sandra Beckwith
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Patricia Ann Blackmon
Mary Bowermaster
Christine Brennan
Joy Garrison Cauffman
Bunny Cowan Clark
Grace L. Drake
Naomi J. Evans
Frances Dana Gage
Jane Kirkham
Sylvia Lewis
Tami Longaberger
Donna Moon
Gratia Murphy
Alice Robie Resnick
Muriel Siebert
1996
Carol Cartwright
Elizabeth Evans
Rae Natalie Prosser de Goodall
Elizabeth Hauser
Bernadine Healy
Carol Kelly
Fannie Lewis
Betty Montgomery
Hope Taft
1997
Carol Ball
Marilyn Byers
Jean Murrell Capers
Martha Dorsey
Joan Heidelberg
Clarice Herbert
Beatrice Lampkin
Jacquelyn Mayer Townsend
Ann O'Rourke
Beryl Rothschild
Thekla Shackelford
1998
Marianne Boggs Campbell
Carole Garrison
Nancy Hollister
Stephanie J. Jones
Bettye Ruth Kay
Barbara Ross-Lee
Audrey Mackiewicz
Kathy Palasics
Margaret Diane Quinn
Henrietta Seiberling
Mary Emily Taylor
Virginia Varga
Jacqueline Woods
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1999
Mary Jo Behrensmeyer
Alvina Costilla
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Electra Doren
Daisy Flowers
Annie Glenn
Ann Hamilton
Carole Hoover
Cheryl Han Horn
Carol Latham
Nancy Linenkugel
Marie Barrett Marsh
Marjorie Parham
Mary Regula
Lee Lenore Rubin
Harriet Beecher Stowe
Jerry Sue Thornton
Janet Voinovich
2000–20092000
Paige Palmer-Ashbaugh
Maude Charles Collins
Faye Dambrot
Margarita De Leon
Patricia Louise Fletcher
Jean Patrice Harrington
Shirley Hoffman
Dorothy Kazel
Farah Majidzadeh
Ada Martin
Lorle Porter
Lanna Samaniego
Yvonne Walker-Taylor
Margaret W. Wong
Betty Zane
2001
Rebecca Boreczky
Frances Jennings Casement
Ruth L. Davis
Lucille Ford
Susan F. Gray
Kathleen V. Harrison
Adella Prentiss Hughes
Janet E. Jackson
Dorothy Kamenshek
Maxine Levin
Irene D. Long
Martha MacDonell
Mary Andrew Matesich
Elizabeth Powell
Deborah Pryce
Maria Sexton
Farah Walters
Georgeta Blebea Washington
2002
Judy Barker
Frances Seiberling Buchholzer
Joan Brown Campbell
Nancy Frankenberg
Zell Hart-Deming
Elsie Helsel
Katie T. Horstman
Jennie Hwang
Cathy Monroe Lewis
Viola Startzman Robertson
Stefanie Spielman
Kathryn D. Sullivan
2003
Sheila G. Bailey
Jeraldyne Kilborn Blunden
Shannon K. Carter
Luceille Fleming
Olga González-Sanabria
Elsie Janis
Lois Lenski
Ellen Mosley-Thompson
Cathy Nelson
Evlyn Gray Scott
Yvonne Williams
2007
Margaret Brugler Rogers
Julia Chatfield
Lucille Hastings
Lillie Howard
Mary Ann Jorgenson
Joyce "Snowfeather" Mahaney
Rozella M. Schlotfeldt
Katherine May Smith
Florence Wang
2008
Dorothy Baunach
Carrie Black
Caro Bosca
Yvette McGee Brown
Loann Crane
Joan Durgin
Carol Gibbs
Billie Johnson
Jih-Fen Lei
Elizabeth Stewart Magee
Kasturi Rajadhyaksha
Julie Salamon
Michele G. Wheatly
2009
Gail Collins
Pamela B. Davis
Kim de Groh
Beverly J. Gray
Sharon Howard
Carol Kuhre
Virginia Manning
Helen Moss
Judith Rycus
Mary Adelaide Sandusky
Glenna Watson
Bernett Williams
Celia Williamson
2010–20192010
Alvarene Owens
Gayle Channing Tenenbaum
Dorothy Maguire
Barbara Fergus
Merle G. Kearns
Rebecca J. Lee
Nina McClelland
Lana Moresky
Martha Potter Otto
Elizabeth Ruppert
Rita Singh
2011
Cheryl A. Boyce
Elizabeth H. Flick
Frances Harper
Brenda Hollis
Mary C. Juhas
Kleia R. Luckner
Valerie J. Lyons
Linda S. Noelker
Carrie Vonderhaar
vteInductees to the National Women's Hall of Fame1970–19791973
Jane Addams
Marian Anderson
Susan B. Anthony
Clara Barton
Mary McLeod Bethune
Elizabeth Blackwell
Pearl S. Buck
Rachel Carson
Mary Cassatt
Emily Dickinson
Amelia Earhart
Alice Hamilton
Helen Hayes
Helen Keller
Eleanor Roosevelt
Florence Sabin
Margaret Chase Smith
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Helen Brooke Taussig
Harriet Tubman
1976
Abigail Adams
Margaret Mead
Mildred "Babe" Didrikson Zaharias
1979
Dorothea Dix
Juliette Gordon Low
Alice Paul
Elizabeth Bayley Seton
1980–19891981
Margaret Sanger
Sojourner Truth
1982
Carrie Chapman Catt
Frances Perkins
1983
Belva Lockwood
Lucretia Mott
1984
Mary "Mother" Harris Jones
Bessie Smith
1986
Barbara McClintock
Lucy Stone
Harriet Beecher Stowe
1988
Gwendolyn Brooks
Willa Cather
Sally Ride
Mary Risteau
Ida B. Wells-Barnett
1990–19991990
Margaret Bourke-White
Barbara Jordan
Billie Jean King
Florence B. Seibert
1991
Gertrude Belle Elion
1993
Ethel Percy Andrus
Antoinette Blackwell
Emily Blackwell
Shirley Chisholm
Jacqueline Cochran
Ruth Colvin
Marian Wright Edelman
Alice Evans
Betty Friedan
Ella Grasso
Martha Wright Griffiths
Fannie Lou Hamer
Dorothy Height
Dolores Huerta
Mary Putnam Jacobi
Mae Jemison
Mary Lyon
Mary Mahoney
Wilma Mankiller
Constance Baker Motley
Georgia O'Keeffe
Annie Oakley
Rosa Parks
Esther Peterson
Jeannette Rankin
Ellen Swallow Richards
Elaine Roulet
Katherine Siva Saubel
Gloria Steinem
Helen Stephens
Lillian Wald
Madam C. J. Walker
Faye Wattleton
Rosalyn S. Yalow
Gloria Yerkovich
1994
Bella Abzug
Ella Baker
Myra Bradwell
Annie Jump Cannon
Jane Cunningham Croly
Catherine East
Geraldine Ferraro
Charlotte Perkins Gilman
Grace Hopper
Helen LaKelly Hunt
Zora Neale Hurston
Anne Hutchinson
Frances Wisebart Jacobs
Susette La Flesche
Louise McManus
Maria Mitchell
Antonia Novello
Linda Richards
Wilma Rudolph
Betty Bone Schiess
Muriel Siebert
Nettie Stevens
Oprah Winfrey
Sarah Winnemucca
Fanny Wright
1995
Virginia Apgar
Ann Bancroft
Amelia Bloomer
Mary Breckinridge
Eileen Collins
Elizabeth Hanford Dole
Anne Dallas Dudley
Mary Baker Eddy
Ella Fitzgerald
Margaret Fuller
Matilda Joslyn Gage
Lillian Moller Gilbreth
Nannerl O. Keohane
Maggie Kuhn
Sandra Day O'Connor
Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin
Pat Schroeder
Hannah Greenebaum Solomon
1996
Louisa May Alcott
Charlotte Anne Bunch
Frances Xavier Cabrini
Mary A. Hallaren
Oveta Culp Hobby
Wilhelmina Cole Holladay
Anne Morrow Lindbergh
Maria Goeppert Mayer
Ernestine Louise Potowski Rose
Maria Tallchief
Edith Wharton
1998
Madeleine Albright
Maya Angelou
Nellie Bly
Lydia Moss Bradley
Mary Steichen Calderone
Mary Ann Shadd Cary
Joan Ganz Cooney
Gerty Cori
Sarah Grimké
Julia Ward Howe
Shirley Ann Jackson
Shannon Lucid
Katharine Dexter McCormick
Rozanne L. Ridgway
Edith Nourse Rogers
Felice Schwartz
Eunice Kennedy Shriver
Beverly Sills
Florence Wald
Angelina Grimké Weld
Chien-Shiung Wu
2000–20092000
Faye Glenn Abdellah
Emma Smith DeVoe
Marjory Stoneman Douglas
Mary Dyer
Sylvia A. Earle
Crystal Eastman
Jeanne Holm
Leontine T. Kelly
Frances Oldham Kelsey
Kate Mullany
Janet Reno
Anna Howard Shaw
Sophia Smith
Ida Tarbell
Wilma L. Vaught
Mary Edwards Walker
Annie Dodge Wauneka
Eudora Welty
Frances E. Willard
2001
Dorothy H. Andersen
Lucille Ball
Rosalynn Carter
Lydia Maria Child
Bessie Coleman
Dorothy Day
Marian de Forest
Althea Gibson
Beatrice A. Hicks
Barbara Holdridge
Harriet Williams Russell Strong
Emily Howell Warner
Victoria Woodhull
2002
Paulina Kellogg Wright Davis
Ruth Bader Ginsburg
Katharine Graham
Bertha Holt
Mary Engle Pennington
Mercy Otis Warren
2003
Linda G. Alvarado
Donna de Varona
Gertrude Ederle
Martha Matilda Harper
Patricia Roberts Harris
Stephanie L. Kwolek
Dorothea Lange
Mildred Robbins Leet
Patsy Takemoto Mink
Sacagawea
Anne Sullivan
Sheila E. Widnall
2005
Florence E. Allen
Ruth Fulton Benedict
Betty Bumpers
Hillary Clinton
Rita Rossi Colwell
Mother Marianne Cope
Maya Y. Lin
Patricia A. Locke
Blanche Stuart Scott
Mary Burnett Talbert
2007
Eleanor K. Baum
Julia Child
Martha Coffin Pelham Wright
Swanee Hunt
Winona LaDuke
Elisabeth Kübler-Ross
Judith L. Pipher
Catherine Filene Shouse
Henrietta Szold
2009
Louise Bourgeois
Mildred Cohn
Karen DeCrow
Susan Kelly-Dreiss
Allie B. Latimer
Emma Lazarus
Ruth Patrick
Rebecca Talbot Perkins
Susan Solomon
Kate Stoneman
2010–20192011
St. Katharine Drexel
Dorothy Harrison Eustis
Loretta C. Ford
Abby Kelley Foster
Helen Murray Free
Billie Holiday
Coretta Scott King
Lilly Ledbetter
Barbara A. Mikulski
Donna E. Shalala
Kathrine Switzer
2013
Betty Ford
Ina May Gaskin
Julie Krone
Kate Millett
Nancy Pelosi
Mary Joseph Rogers
Bernice Sandler
Anna Schwartz
Emma Willard
2015
Tenley Albright
Nancy Brinker
Martha Graham
Marcia Greenberger
Barbara Iglewski
Jean Kilbourne
Carlotta Walls LaNier
Philippa Marrack
Mary Harriman Rumsey
Eleanor Smeal
2017
Matilda Cuomo
Temple Grandin
Lorraine Hansberry
Victoria Jackson
Sherry Lansing
Clare Boothe Luce
Aimee Mullins
Carol Mutter
Janet Rowley
Alice Waters
2019
Gloria Allred
Angela Davis
Sarah Deer
Jane Fonda
Nicole Malachowski
Rose O'Neill
Louise Slaughter
Sonia Sotomayor
Laurie Spiegel
Flossie Wong-Staal
2020–20292020
Aretha Franklin
Barbara Hillary
Barbara Rose Johns
Henrietta Lacks
Toni Morrison
Mary Church Terrell
2022
Octavia E. Butler
Judy Chicago
Rebecca S. Halstead
Mia Hamm
Joy Harjo
Emily Howland
Katherine Johnson
Indra Nooyi
Michelle Obama
2024
Patricia Bath
Ruby Bridges
Elouise P. Cobell
Kimberlé Crenshaw
Peggy McIntosh
Judith Plaskow
Loretta Ross
Sandy Stone
Anna Wessels Williams
Serena Williams
vteHall of Fame for Great Americans inductees
John Adams
John Quincy Adams
Jane Addams
Louis Agassiz
Susan B. Anthony
John James Audubon
George Bancroft
Clara Barton
Henry Ward Beecher
Alexander Graham Bell
Daniel Boone
Edwin Booth
Louis Brandeis
Phillips Brooks
William Cullen Bryant
Luther Burbank
Andrew Carnegie
George Washington Carver
William Ellery Channing
Rufus Choate
Henry Clay
Grover Cleveland
James Fenimore Cooper
Peter Cooper
Charlotte Cushman
James Buchanan Eads
Thomas Alva Edison
Jonathan Edwards
Ralph Waldo Emerson
David Farragut
Stephen Foster
Benjamin Franklin
Robert Fulton
Josiah W. Gibbs
William C. Gorgas
Ulysses S. Grant
Asa Gray
Alexander Hamilton
Nathaniel Hawthorne
Joseph Henry
Patrick Henry
Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr.
Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.
Mark Hopkins
Elias Howe
Washington Irving
Andrew Jackson
Thomas J. Jackson
Thomas Jefferson
John Paul Jones
James Kent
Sidney Lanier
Robert E. Lee
Abraham Lincoln
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
James Russell Lowell
Mary Lyon
Edward MacDowell
James Madison
Horace Mann
John Marshall
Matthew Fontaine Maury
Albert A. Michelson
Maria Mitchell
James Monroe
Samuel F. B. Morse
William T. G. Morton
John Lothrop Motley
Simon Newcomb
Thomas Paine
Alice Freeman Palmer
Francis Parkman
George Peabody
William Penn
Edgar Allan Poe
Walter Reed
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Theodore Roosevelt
Augustus Saint-Gaudens
William Tecumseh Sherman
John Philip Sousa
Joseph Story
Harriet Beecher Stowe
Gilbert Stuart
Sylvanus Thayer
Henry David Thoreau
Mark Twain
Lillian Wald
Booker T. Washington
George Washington
Daniel Webster
George Westinghouse
James McNeill Whistler
Walt Whitman
Eli Whitney
John Greenleaf Whittier
Emma Willard
Frances Willard
Roger Williams
Woodrow Wilson
Orville Wright
Wilbur Wright
vteHarriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's CabinCharacters
Uncle Tom
Film adaptations
Uncle Tom's Cabin (1903)
Uncle Tom's Cabin (Thanhouser, 1910)
Uncle Tom's Cabin (Vitagraph, 1910)
Uncle Tom's Cabin (1914)
Uncle Tom's Cabin (1918)
Topsy and Eva (1927)
Uncle Tom's Cabin (1927)
Onkel Toms Hütte (1965)
Uncle Tom's Cabin (1987)
Related works
A Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin
Tom show
Animation
Hittin' the Trail for Hallelujah Land (1931)
Mickey's Mellerdrammer (1933)
Uncle Tom's Bungalow (1937)
Uncle Tom's Cabaña (1947)
Southern Fried Rabbit (1953)
Anti-Tom literature
Aunt Phillis's Cabin
The Planter's Northern Bride
Little Eva: The Flower of the South
Uncle Tom's Cabin As It Is
Uncle Robin's Cabin
"Uncle Tom's Cabin" Contrasted with Buckingham Hall, the Planter's Home
Ellen; or, The Fanatic's Daughter
The Ebony Idol
Frank Freeman's Barber Shop
The North and the South; or, Slavery and Its Contrasts
Mr. Frank, the Underground Mail-Agent
The Cabin and Parlor; or, Slaves and Masters
The Black Gauntlet
White Acre vs. Black Acre
Antifanaticism
The Lofty and the Lowly
The Leopard's Spots
Related
Josiah Henson
1849 autobiography
Uncle Tom's Cabin Historic Site
Dimples
Goodbye Uncle Tom
Tit for Tat
Uncle Tom syndrome
Underground Railroad
The National Era
Onkel Toms Hütte (Berlin U-Bahn)
Harriet Beecher Stowe House (Brunswick, Maine)
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