English banker and politician (1834–1913) The Right HonourableThe Lord AveburyBt PC DL FRS FRAIWoodburytype print ofLord Avebury in middle ageMember of the House of LordsLord TemporalIn office22 January 1900 – 28 May 1913Preceded byPeerage createdSucceeded byJohn LubbockChairman of the London County CouncilIn office1890–1892Preceded byThe Earl of RoseberySucceeded byThe Earl of RoseberyMember of Parliamentfor London UniversityIn office1880–1900Preceded byRobert LoweSucceeded byMichael FosterMember of Parliamentfor MaidstoneIn office1870–1880Preceded byWilliam LeeSucceeded byAlexander Henry Ross Personal detailsBorn30 April 1834London, EnglandDied28 May 1913(1913-05-28) (aged 79)Broadstairs, Kent, EnglandPolitical partyLiberal (until 1886)Liberal Unionist (since 1886)Other politicalaffiliationsProgressive Party (County of London, 1889–1890)Known forBank holidays and the Ancient Monuments Protection Act 1882 John Lubbock, 1st Baron Avebury (30 April 1834 – 28 May 1913), known as Sir John Lubbock, 4th Baronet, from 1865 until 1900, was an English banker, Liberal politician, philanthropist, scientist and polymath. Lubbock worked in his family company as a banker but made significant contributions in archaeology, ethnography, and several branches of biology. He coined the terms "Palaeolithic" and "Neolithic" to denote the Old and New Stone Ages, respectively. He helped establish archaeology as a scientific discipline, and was influential in debates concerning evolutionary theory.[1] He introduced the first law for the protection of the UK's archaeological and architectural heritage. He promoted the establishment of public libraries and was also a founding member of the X Club. Early life[edit] John Lubbock was born in 1834, the son of Sir John Lubbock, 3rd Baronet, a London banker, and his wife Harriet. He was brought up in the family home of High Elms Estate, near Downe in Kent. The family had two homes, one at 29 Eaton Place, Belgrave Square where John was born, and another in Mitcham Grove. Lubbock senior had studied mathematics at Cambridge University and had written on probability, and on astronomy. A Fellow of the Royal Society, he was keenly involved in the scientific debates of the time, as well as serving as the Vice Chancellor of London University. During 1842, his father brought home a "great piece of news": the young Lubbock said later that he initially thought that the news might be of a new pony, and was disappointed to learn it was only that Charles Darwin was moving to Down House in the village.[2] The youth was soon a frequent visitor to Down House, and became the closest of Darwin's younger friends.[3] Their relationship stimulated young Lubbock's passion for science and evolutionary theory.[1] John's mother, Harriet, was deeply religious.[4] In 1845, Lubbock began studies at Eton College. After finishing school, he was employed by his father's bank, Lubbock & Co. (which later amalgamated with Coutts & Co.), of which he became a partner at the age of 22. Around 1852, he assisted Darwin's research by examining and illustrating barnacles. In 1865, he succeeded to the baronetcy.[5] Business and politics[edit] In the early 1870s, Lubbock became increasingly interested in politics. In 1870, and again in 1874, he was elected as a Liberal Party Member of Parliament (MP) for Maidstone. He lost the seat at the election of 1880, but was at once elected member for London University, of which he had been vice-chancellor since 1872.[5] As an MP, Lubbock had a distinguished political career, with four main political agendas: promotion of the study of science in primary and secondary schools; the national debt, free trade, and related economic issues; protection of ancient monuments; securing of additional holidays and shorter working hours for the working classes.[1] He was successful with numerous enactments in Parliament, including the Bank Holidays Act 1871 and the Ancient Monuments Act 1882, along with another 28 acts of Parliament. When the Liberals split in 1886 on the issue of Irish Home Rule, Lubbock joined the breakaway Liberal Unionist Party in opposition to Irish home rule. A prominent supporter of the Statistical Society, he took an active part in criticizing the encroachment of municipal trading and the increase of the municipal debt.[5] Lubbock portrayed in Strand Magazine, 1891 Lubbock's thoughts about the nature and value of politics were deeply influenced by his scientific research, particularly his writings on early human society. He believed that the cognitive foundations of morality could be shaped through political economy, particularly through a national education system that implemented subjects mandated by the state. He held that the minds of children could be shaped in the direction of democracy, liberalism and morality through learning how to read and write. To this goal he was a strong supporter of the Elementary Education Act 1870 and he defended the introduction of the national curriculum during the 1870s and 1880s.[6] In 1879, Lubbock was elected the first president of the Institute of Bankers. In 1881, he was president of the British Association, and from 1881 to 1886, president of the Linnean Society of London.[5] In March 1883, he founded the Bank Clerks Orphanage, which in 1986 became the Bankers' Benevolent Fund – a charity for bank employees, past and present, and their dependants. In January 1884, he helped found the Proportional Representation League, later to become the Electoral Reform Society. He authored the pamphlet Proportional Representation shortly after the founding of this organization.[7] He is credited with the now-common use of multi-member districts instead of country-wide districting proposed by Thomas Hare in his 1859 single transferable voting (STV) proposal.[8] Caricature from Punch, 1882 In recognition of his contributions to the sciences, Lubbock received honorary degrees from the universities of Oxford, Cambridge (where he was Rede lecturer in 1886), Edinburgh, Dublin and Würzburg; and was appointed a trustee of the British Museum in 1878. He received the German Order Pour le Mérite for Science and Arts in August 1902.[9] From 1888 to 1892, he was president of the London Chamber of Commerce, and he was later President of the Association of Chambers of Commerce of the United Kingdom. In local politics, he was from 1889 to 1890 vice-chairman and from 1890 to 1892 chairman of the London County Council.[5] In February 1890 he was appointed a privy councillor;[10] and was chairman of the committee of design for the new coinage in 1891. On 22 January 1900, he was raised to the peerage as Baron Avebury, of Avebury, in the county of Wiltshire,[11] his title commemorating the largest Stone Age site in Britain, which he had helped to preserve. He was President of the Royal Statistical Society from 1900 to 1902.[12] In November 1905, together with Lord Courtney of Penwith, he founded the Anglo-German Friendship Committee which sought to counteract the influence of the British war party, whose anti-German propaganda was then at its zenith, and smooth the way towards more amicable relations between England and Germany. Lubbock was a proponent of easy access for all to books and was deeply involved in the passing of the Public Libraries Act, 1892.[13] The quotation, "We may sit in our library and yet be in all quarters of the earth", is often attributed to Lubbock. This variation appears in his book The Pleasures of Life.[14] Archaeology and biological science[edit] Kingsgate Castle in Kent was rebuilt by Lord Avebury. He sought legal protection for heritage buildings. In addition to his work at his father's bank, Lubbock took a keen interest in archaeology and evolutionary theory. In 1855, he and Charles Kingsley discovered the skull of a musk ox in a gravel pit, a discovery that was commended by Darwin.[15] A collection of Iron Age antiquities Lubbock and Sir John Evans excavated at the site of Hallstatt in Austria is now in the British Museum's collection.[16][17] He spoke in support of the evolutionist Thomas Henry Huxley at the famous 1860 Oxford evolution debate. During the 1860s, he published many articles in which he used archaeological evidence to support Darwin's theory.[1] In 1864, he became one of the founding members (along with Thomas Henry Huxley and others) of the elite X Club, a dining club composed of nine gentlemen to promote the theories of natural selection and academic liberalism. He held a number of influential academic positions, including President of the Ethnological Society from 1864 to 1865, vice-president of Linnean Society in 1865, and President of the International Congress of Prehistoric Archaeology in 1868. In 1865 he published Pre-Historic Times, which became a standard archaeology textbook for the remainder of the century, with the seventh and final edition published in 1913.[1] His second book, On the Origin of Civilization, was published in 1870. He held the position of President of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland from 1871 to 1872,[18] as well as the position of Vice President of the Royal Society in 1871. During this period he worked with John Evans, the other key figure in the establishment of the discipline of archaeology.[1] He invented the terms "Palaeolithic" and "Neolithic" to denote the Old and New Stone Ages, respectively.[19] He also introduced a Darwinian-type theory of human nature and development. "What was new was Lubbock's ... insistence that, as a result of natural selection, human groups had become different from each other, not only culturally, but also in their biological capacities to utilize culture."[20] Pages from a book of obituary cuttings following the death of Sir John Lubbock in 1913 Lubbock complained in the preface to Pre-Historic Times about Charles Lyell: Note.—In his celebrated work on the Antiquity of Man, he coined the term Neolithic in 1865. Sir Charles Lyell has made much use of my earlier articles in the Natural History Review, frequently, indeed, extracting whole sentences verbatim, or nearly so. But as he has in these cases omitted to mention the source from which his quotations were derived, my readers might naturally think that I had taken very unjustifiable liberties with the work of the eminent geologist. A reference to the respective dates will, however, protect me from any such inference. The statement made by Sir Charles Lyell, in a note to page 11 of his work, that my article on the Danish Shell-mounds was published after his sheets were written, is an inadvertence, regretted, I have reason to believe, as much by its author as it is by me."[21] In the 1870s, he bought land at Avebury to prevent part of the ancient stone circle from being built on.[22] This, and other threats to the nation's heritage, persuaded him that some legal protection was needed. In 1874, he introduced a parliamentary bill that would identify a list of ancient sites that deserved legal protection. After several later attempts and against some opposition, it was not until 1882 that a much watered down version, The Ancient Monuments Act, came into being. Though restricted to 68 largely prehistoric monuments, it was the forerunner of all later laws governing the UK's archaeological and architectural heritage.[23] Lubbock was also an amateur biologist of some distinction, writing books on hymenoptera (Ants, Bees and Wasps: a record of observations on the habits of the social hymenoptera. Kegan Paul, London; New York: Appleton, 1884), on insect sense organs and development, on the intelligence of animals, the first monograph on UK Springtails (Collembola) (Monograph on the Collembola and Thysanura, Ray Society, London), and on other natural history topics. He discovered that ants were sensitive to light in the near ultraviolet range of the electromagnetic spectrum.[24][25] He also noted that ants used the angle of the sun for orientation.[13] In 1874 he became the first President of the British Beekeepers Association.[26] A verse in Punch in 1882 described his activities: Lord Avebury speaking during the presentation of the first replica of Diplodocus carnegii to the trustees of the British Museum of Natural History, 12 May 1905 How doth the Banking Busy Bee, Improve his shining Hours? By studying on Bank Holidays, Strange insects and Wild Flowers He corresponded extensively with Charles Darwin, who lived nearby at Down House.[27] Lubbock stayed in Downe except for a brief period from 1861 to 1865, when he lived in Chislehurst. Both men were active advocates of English spelling reform, and members of the Spelling Reform Association, precursor to the Simplified Spelling Society. Darwin rented land, originally from Lubbock's father, in Sandwalk wood where he performed his daily exercise, and in 1874 agreed with Lubbock to exchange the land for a piece of pasture in Darwin's property.[28] When Darwin died in 1882, Lubbock suggested the honour of burial in Westminster Abbey, organising a letter to the dean to arrange this, and was one of the pallbearers.[3] In May 1884, an article appeared in Scientific American describing experiments by Lubbock in the field of human-animal communication.[29] In 1884, he was elected as a member to the American Philosophical Society[30] and in 1893, a member of the American Antiquarian Society.[31] He received the 1903 Prestwich Medal from the Geological Society of London.[32] Family[edit] Battersea Library plaque, 1899. Lubbock was a promoter of public libraries. Lubbock was one of eight brothers and three sisters;[33] three brothers, Alfred,[34] Nevile[35] and Edgar,[36] played first-class cricket for Kent. Edgar and Alfred also played football and played together for Old Etonians in the 1875 FA Cup Final. His nephew, Percy Lubbock, was a prominent man of letters and another nephew was the writer and historian Basil Lubbock. Lubbock married Ellen Frances Horden in April 1856. Five years after her death, on 17 May 1884 he married Alice Lane Fox, the daughter of Augustus Pitt Rivers .[37] He rebuilt Kingsgate Castle, near Broadstairs in Kent, as his family home, where he died in 1913. He was succeeded by his eldest son, John. He was buried in St Giles the Abbott Church, in Farnborough, London. Three years later, his remains were disinterred and placed in a family burial ground a few hundred yards from the church, along with the original stone Celtic cross marking his grave. In 1986, Bromley Council, unknown to the Lubbock family, moved the cross back to the main church graveyard.[38] References[edit] ^ a b c d e f Mithen, Steven (2006). After the Ice: A Global Human History, 20,000-5000 BC. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-01570-8. ^ Howarth & Howarth 1933, pp. 72–73 ^ a b Freeman 1978, p. 192 ^ Patton (2007): 15. ^ a b c d e  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Avebury, John Lubbock, 1st Baron". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 51–52. ^ Eddy, Matthew Daniel (2017). "The politics of cognition: liberalism and the evolutionary origins of Victorian education" (PDF). British Journal for the History of Science. 50 (4): 677–699. doi:10.1017/S0007087417000863. PMID 29019300. S2CID 206212679. ^ Proportional representation. ^ Report of meeting on "Proportional representation," or effective voting, held at River House, Chelsea, on Tuesday, July 10th 1894. Addressed by Miss Spence... 1894. p. 12. ^ "Court Circular". The Times. No. 36850. London. 19 August 1902. p. 8. ^ London Gazette issue 26022 11 February 1890 Archived 29 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine ^ "No. 27156". The London Gazette. 23 January 1900. p. 427. ^ "Royal Statistical Society Presidents". Royal Statistical Society. Archived from the original on 17 March 2012. Retrieved 6 August 2010. ^ a b Pumphrey, R. J. (1958). "The Forgotten Man: Sir John Lubbock, F.R.S." Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London. 13 (1): 49–58. doi:10.1098/rsnr.1958.0005. ISSN 0035-9149. JSTOR 531126. ^ Lubbock, John (1922). The pleasures of life. New York: Macmillan. p. 68. ^ Clark, J. F. M. (20 March 2014). "The science of John Lubbock". Notes Rec. R. Soc. 68 (1): 3–6. doi:10.1098/rsnr.2013.0069. ISSN 0035-9149. PMC 3928876. ^ British Museum Collection ^ British Museum Collection ^ "Presidents". Royal Anthropological Institute. Retrieved 9 February 2018. ^ Pettitt, Paul; White, Mark (20 March 2014). "John Lubbock, caves, and the development of Middle and Upper Palaeolithic archaeology". Notes and Records. 68 (1): 35–48. doi:10.1098/rsnr.2013.0050. ISSN 0035-9149. PMC 3928871. ^ Trigger, Bruce G. (1989) A History of Archaeological Thought, Cambridge, p. 173. ^ Lubbock J. (1865) Pre-Historic Times, Williams & Norgate, London. ^ Baggs, A. P.; Freeman, Jane; Stevenson, Janet H. (1983). Crowley, D. A. (ed.). "Victoria County History: Wiltshire: Vol 12 pp86-105 – Parishes: Avebury". British History Online. University of London. Retrieved 8 August 2021. ^ Thurley, Simon."The Men from the Ministry", Yale University Press. 2013. ISBN 978-0-300-19572-9 ^ Lubbock, J. (1881). "Observations on ants, bees, and wasps. IX. Color of flowers as an attraction to bees: Experiments and considerations thereon". J. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.). 16 (90): 110–112. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1882.tb02275.x. ^ Kevan, Peter G.; Chittka, Lars; Dyer, Adrian G. (2001). "Limits to the Salience of Ultraviolet: Lessons from Colour Vision in Bees and Birds". J. Exp. Biol. 204 (14): 2571–2580. doi:10.1242/jeb.204.14.2571. PMID 11511673. ^ "Past Presidents of the BBKA". British Beekeepers Association. Retrieved 25 May 2021. ^ "Darwin Correspondence Project", John Lubbock, 1834–1913". Retrieved 28 May 2012. ^ Freeman 1978, p. 125 ^ Scientific American. Munn & Company. 24 May 1884. p. 326. ^ "APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved 21 May 2021. ^ American Antiquarian Society Members Directory ^ "The Geological Society of London". The Times. No. 36974. London. 10 January 1903. p. 6. ^ Hutchinson (1914): family tree chart ^ "Alfred Lubbock". Cricket Archive. Archived from the original on 7 November 2012. Retrieved 10 February 2011. ^ "Nevile Lubbock". Cricket Archive. Archived from the original on 7 November 2012. Retrieved 10 February 2011. ^ "Edgar Lubbock". Cricket Archive. Retrieved 10 February 2011. ^ "The marriage of Sir John Lubbock ...". The Cornishman. No. 304. 15 May 1884. p. 6. ^ "LUBBOCK FAMILY AND FARNBOROUGH". Farnborough Village History. Retrieved 21 May 2022. Books[edit] The following is a list of publications by Sir John Lubbock, arranged in chronological order by the dates of the first editions of each work. Lubbock J. (1865) Pre-Historic Times, As Illustrated by Ancient Remains, and the Manners and Customs of Modern Savages, Williams & Norgate, London Lubbock J. (1870) The Origin of Civilisation and the Primitive Condition of Man, Longmans, Green & Co., London Lubbock J. (1871) Monograph on the Collembola and Thysanura, Ray Society, London Lubbock J. (1872) the Origin and the Metamorphoses of Insects On the Origin and the Metamorphoses of Insects, Macmillan & Co., London Lubbock J. (1873) On British Wild Flowers Considered in relation to Insects, Macmillan & Co., London Lubbock J. (1874) Scientific Lectures, Macmillan & Co., London Lubbock J. (1877) "Ant Intelligence", Scientific American article, 31 March 1877, p. 198-199 Lubbock J. (1879) Addresses, Political and Educational, Macmillan & Co., London Lubbock J. (1881) Fifty Years of Science, Being the Address Delivered at York to the British Association, August 1881, Macmillan & Co., London Lubbock J. (1882) Ants, Bees and Wasps: A Record of Observations on the Habits of the Social Hymenoptera, Keegan Paul, Trench, Trübner, & Co. Ltd., London: 442 pp. Lubbock J. (1882) Chapters in Popular Natural History, National Society, London Lubbock J. (1882) Flowers, Fruits and Leaves, Macmillan & Co., London Lubbock J. (1883) On the Senses, Instincts and Intelligence of Animals, With Special Reference to Insects, Keegan Paul, Trench, Trübner, & Co. Ltd., London: 512 pp. Lubbock J. (1885) Representation, Swan Sonnenschein & Co., Berne Lubbock J. (1887–89) The pleasures of life, (2 volumes) Macmillan & Co., London Lubbock J. (1889) La Vie des Plantes, Hachette Livre Lubbock J. (1890) Flowers and Insects, Macmillan & Co., London (Included in later compilations) Lubbock J. (1892) The Beauties of Nature, Macmillan & Co., London Lubbock J. (1894) The Use of Life, Macmillan & Co., London Lubbock J. (1896) The Duty of Happiness, H. Altemus, Lubbock J. (1896) The Scenery of Switzerland, Macmillan & Co., London Lubbock J. (1898) On Buds and Stipules, Keegan Paul, Trench, Trübner, & Co. Ltd., London: 239 pp. Lubbock J. (1902) The Scenery of England, Macmillan & Co., London Lubbock J. (1902) A Short History of Coins and Currency, John Murray Lubbock J. (1904) Free Trade, Macmillan & Co., London Lubbock J. (1905) Notes on The Life History of British Flowering Plants, Macmillan & Co., London Lubbock J. (1905) Happiness and Thrift, Macmillan & Co., London Lubbock J. (1906) On Municipal and National Trading, Macmillan & Co., London Lubbock J. (1909) On Peace and Happiness, Macmillan & Co., London Lubbock J. (1911) Marriage, Totemism and Religion, Longmans, Green & Co., London Further reading[edit] Freeman, R. B. (1978). Charles Darwin: A companion. Folkestone: William Dawson & Sons Ltd. Grant Duff, Ursula (1924). The life-work of Lord Avebury. London: Watts & Co. Howarth, O. J. R.; Howarth, E. K. (1933), A history of Darwin's parish: Downe, Kent. With a foreword by Sir Arthur Keith, Southampton: Russell & Co. Hutchinson, H. G. (1914) Life of Sir John Lubbock, Lord Avebury, London. Volume 1, 2 Parsons, F. D. (2009) 'Thomas Hare and Political Representation in Victorian Britain' (Palgrave Macmillan) Patton, M. (2007) Science, politics & business in the work of Sir John Lubbock – a man of universal mind, Ashgate, London. Pearn, Alison (2014) "The teacher taught? What Charles Darwin owed to John Lubbock". Notes Rec R Soc Lond. Mar 20; 68(1): 7–19. Sir John Lubbock in The Columbia Encyclopedia, (Sixth Edition, 2001) Trigger, B. G. (1989) A history of archaeological thought, (revised 2006) Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Kains-Jackson, C. P. (1880) " Our Ancient Monuments and the Land Around them, with a preface by Sir John Lubbock", Elliot Stock, London. External links[edit] Wikiquote has quotations related to John Lubbock, 1st Baron Avebury. Wikimedia Commons has media related to John Lubbock, 1st Baron Avebury. Data related to John Lubbock, 1st Baron Avebury at Wikispecies Works by or about John Lubbock, 1st Baron Avebury at Wikisource Works by John Lubbock, 1st Baron Avebury at Project Gutenberg Portraits of John Lubbock, 1st Baron Avebury at the National Portrait Gallery, London Works by or about John Lubbock, 1st Baron Avebury at the Internet Archive Hansard 1803–2005: contributions in Parliament by John Lubbock "John Lubbock— forgotten polymath", by Phillip Steadman, New Scientist, 10 January 1980, p. 84 Obituary in Proceedings of the Royal Society of London St Lubbock's Days A short biography of John Lubbock by Rupert Baker, Library Manager at the Royal Society, 27 April 2021 John Lubbock at Minnesota State University eMuseum, archived in 2006 "History of High Elms Golf Club and Course". Archived from the original on 17 April 2012. Retrieved 18 October 2009. Cricket career on Cricket Archive Parliament of the United Kingdom Preceded byCharles BuxtonJames Whatman Member of Parliament for Maidstone 1870–1880 With: James Whatman 1865–1874Sir Sydney Waterlow 1874–1880 Succeeded byAlexander Henry RossJohn Evans Freke-Aylmer Preceded byRobert Lowe Member of Parliament for London University 1880–1900 Succeeded bySir Michael Foster Political offices Preceded byThe Earl of Rosebery Chairman of the London County Council 1890–1892 Succeeded byThe Earl of Rosebery Academic offices Preceded byGeorge Grote Vice-Chancellor of University of London 1872–1880 Succeeded bySir George Jessel Preceded byAndrew Carnegie Rector of the University of St Andrews 1907–1910 Succeeded byThe Earl of Rosebery Peerage of the United Kingdom New creation Baron Avebury 1900–1913 Succeeded byJohn Lubbock Baronetage of the United Kingdom Preceded byJohn Lubbock Baronet of Lammas1865–1913 Succeeded byJohn Lubbock vtePresidents of the Royal Statistical Society19th century 1834–1836 The Marquess of Lansdowne 1836–1838 Sir Charles Lemon, Bt 1838–1840 The Earl FitzWilliam 1840–1842 Viscount Sandon 1842–1843 The Marquess of Lansdowne 1843–1845 Lord Ashley 1845–1847 The Lord Monteagle of Brandon 1847–1849 The Earl FitzWilliam 1849–1851 The Earl of Harrowby 1851–1853 The Lord Overstone 1853–1855 The Earl FitzWilliam 1855–1857 The Earl of Harrowby 1857–1859 Lord Stanley 1859–1861 Lord John Russell 1861–1863 Sir John Pakington, Bt 1863–1865 William Henry Sykes 1865–1867 The Lord Houghton 1867–1869 William Ewart Gladstone 1869–1871 William Newmarch 1871–1873 William Farr 1873–1875 William Guy 1875–1877 James Heywood 1877–1879 George Shaw-Lefevre 1879–1880 Thomas Brassey 1880–1882 James Caird 1882–1884 Robert Giffen 1884–1886 Rawson W. Rawson 1886–1888 George Goschen 1888–1890 Thomas Graham Balfour 1890–1892 Frederic J. Mouat 1892–1894 Charles Booth 1894–1896 The Lord Farrer 1896–1897 John Biddulph Martin 1897 Alfred Edmund Bateman 1897–1899 Leonard Courtney 1899–1900 Henry Fowler 1900–1902 The Lord Avebury 20th century 1902–1904 Patrick George Craigie 1904–1905 Sir Francis Powell, Bt 1905–1906 The Earl of Onslow 1906–1907 Richard Martin 1907–1909 Sir Charles Dilke, Bt 1909–1910 Jervoise Athelstane Baines 1910–1912 Lord George Hamilton 1912–1914 Francis Ysidro Edgeworth 1914–1915 The Lord Welby 1915–1916 Lord George Hamilton 1916–1918 Bernard Mallet, Registrar General 1918–1920 Herbert Samuel 1920–1922 R. Henry Rew 1922–1924 The Lord Emmott 1924–1926 Udny Yule 1926–1928 The Viscount D'Abernon 1928–1930 A. William Flux 1930–1932 Sir Josiah Stamp 1932–1934 The Lord Meston 1934–1936 Major Greenwood 1936–1938 The Lord Kennet 1938–1940 Arthur Lyon Bowley 1940–1941 Henry William Macrosty 1941 Hector Leak 1941–1943 William Beveridge 1943–1945 Ernest Charles Snow 1945–1947 The Lord Woolton 1947–1949 David Heron 1949–1950 Sir Geoffrey Heyworth 1950–1952 Austin Bradford Hill 1952–1954 Ronald Fisher 1954–1955 The Lord Piercy 1955–1957 Egon Pearson 1957–1959 Harry Campion 1959–1960 Hugh Beaver 1960–1962 Maurice Kendall 1962–1964 Joseph Oscar Irwin 1964–1965 Sir Paul Chambers 1965–1966 L. H. C. Tippett 1966–1967 M. S. Bartlett 1967–1968 Frank Yates 1968–1969 Arthur Cockfield 1969–1970 R. G. D. Allen 1970–1971 Bernard Benjamin 1971–1972 George Alfred Barnard 1972–1973 Harold Wilson 1973–1974 D. J. Finney 1974–1975 Henry Daniels 1975–1977 Stella Cunliffe 1977–1978 Henry Wynn 1978–1980 Sir Claus Moser 1980–1982 David Cox 1982–1984 Peter Armitage 1984–1985 Walter Bodmer 1985–1986 John Nelder 1986–1987 James Durbin 1987–1989 John Kingman 1989–1991 Peter G. Moore 1991–1993 T. M. F. Smith 1993–1995 D. J. Bartholomew 1995–1997 Adrian Smith 1997–1999 Robert Nicholas Curnow 1999–2001 Denise Lievesley 21st century 2001–2003 Peter Green 2003–2005 Andy Grieve 2005–2007 Tim Holt 2008–2009 David Hand 2010–2010 Bernard Silverman (resigned Feb 2010; replaced pro tem by David Hand) 2011–2012 Valerie Isham 2013–2014 John Pullinger 2014–2016 Peter Diggle 2017–2018 David Spiegelhalter 2019– Deborah Ashby Category List vteRectors of the University of St AndrewsUniversity of St Andrews Sir Ralph Abercromby Anstruther, 4th Baronet Sir William Stirling-Maxwell, 9th Baronet John Stuart Mill James Anthony Froude Charles Neaves, Lord Neaves Arthur Penrhyn Stanley Roundell Palmer, 1st Earl of Selborne Sir Theodore Martin Donald Mackay, 11th Lord Reay Arthur Balfour Frederick Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, 1st Marquess of Dufferin and Ava John Crichton-Stuart, 3rd Marquess of Bute James Stuart Andrew Carnegie John Lubbock, 1st Baron Avebury Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery John Hamilton-Gordon, 1st Marquess of Aberdeen and Temair Douglas Haig, 1st Earl Haig Sir J. 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