American author and activist (1880–1968)
For other people named Helen Keller, see Helen Keller (disambiguation).
Helen KellerKeller holding a magnolia, c. 1920BornHelen Adams Keller(1880-06-27)June 27, 1880Tuscumbia, Alabama, U.S.DiedJune 1, 1968(1968-06-01) (aged 87)Easton, Connecticut, U.S.Resting placeWashington National CathedralOccupation
Author
political activist
lecturer
EducationRadcliffe College (BA)Notable worksThe Story of My Life (1903)Signature
Helen Adams Keller (June 27, 1880 – June 1, 1968) was an American author, disability rights advocate, political activist and lecturer. Born in West Tuscumbia, Alabama, she lost her sight and her hearing after a bout of illness when she was 19 months old. She then communicated primarily using home signs until the age of seven, when she met her first teacher and life-long companion Anne Sullivan. Sullivan taught Keller language, including reading and writing. After an education at both specialist and mainstream schools, Keller attended Radcliffe College of Harvard University and became the first deafblind person in the United States to earn a Bachelor of Arts degree.[1]
Keller was also a prolific author, writing 14 books and hundreds of speeches and essays on topics ranging from animals to Mahatma Gandhi.[2] Keller campaigned for those with disabilities and for women's suffrage, labor rights, and world peace. In 1909, she joined the Socialist Party of America (SPA). She was a founding member of the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU).[3]
Keller's autobiography, The Story of My Life (1903), publicized her education and life with Sullivan. It was adapted as a play by William Gibson, later adapted as a film under the same title, The Miracle Worker. Her birthplace has been designated and preserved as a National Historic Landmark. Since 1954, it has been operated as a house museum,[4] and sponsors an annual "Helen Keller Day".[5]
Early childhood and illness[edit]
Keller's birthplace in Tuscumbia, Alabama
Keller (left) with Anne Sullivan vacationing on Cape Cod in July 1888
Keller was born on June 27, 1880, in Tuscumbia, Alabama, the daughter of Arthur Henley Keller (1836–1896),[6] and Catherine Everett (Adams) Keller (1856–1921), known as "Kate".[7][8] The Keller family lived on a homestead, Ivy Green,[4] which her paternal grandfather had built decades earlier.[9] She had four siblings: two full siblings, Mildred Campbell (Keller) Tyson and Phillip Brooks Keller; and two older half-brothers from her father's first marriage, James McDonald Keller and William Simpson Keller.[10][11]
Keller's father worked for many years as an editor of the Tuscumbia North Alabamian. He had served as a captain in the Confederate Army.[8][9] The family was part of the slaveholding elite before the American Civil War, but lost status later.[9] Her mother was the daughter of Charles W. Adams, a Confederate general.[12] Keller's paternal lineage was traced to Casper Keller, a native of Switzerland.[13][14] One of Helen's Swiss ancestors was the first teacher for the deaf in Zürich. Keller reflected on this fact in her first autobiography, asserting that "there is no king who has not had a slave among his ancestors, and no slave who has not had a king among his".[13]
At 19 months old, Keller contracted an unknown illness described by doctors as "an acute congestion of the stomach and the brain".[15] Contemporary doctors believe it may have been meningitis, caused by the bacterium Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcus),[16] or possibly Haemophilus influenzae, which can cause the same symptoms but is less likely because of its 97% juvenile mortality rate at that time.[8][17] She was able to recover from her illness, but was left permanently blind and deaf, as she recalled in her autobiography, "at sea in a dense fog".[18] At that time, Keller was able to communicate somewhat with Martha Washington, who was two years older and the daughter of the family cook, and understood the girl's signs;[19]: 11 by the age of seven, Keller had more than 60 home signs to communicate with her family, and could distinguish people by the vibration of their footsteps.[20]
In 1886, Keller's mother, inspired by an account in Charles Dickens' American Notes of the successful education of Laura Bridgman, a deaf and blind woman, dispatched the young Keller and her father to consult physician J. Julian Chisholm, an eye, ear, nose and throat specialist in Baltimore, for advice.[21][9] Chisholm referred the Kellers to Alexander Graham Bell, who was working with deaf children at the time. Bell advised them to contact the Perkins Institute for the Blind, the school where Bridgman had been educated. It was then located in South Boston. Michael Anagnos, the school's director, asked Anne Sullivan, a 20-year-old alumna of the school who was visually impaired, to become Keller's instructor. It was the beginning of a nearly 50-year-long relationship Sullivan developed with Keller as her governess and later her companion.[19]
Sullivan arrived at Keller's house on March 5, 1887, a day Keller would forever remember as "my soul's birthday".[18] Sullivan immediately began to teach Helen to communicate by spelling words into her hand, beginning with "d-o-l-l" for the doll that she had brought Keller as a present. Keller initially struggled with lessons since she could not comprehend that every object had a word identifying it. When Sullivan was trying to teach Keller the word for "mug", Keller became so frustrated she broke the mug.[22] Keller remembered how she soon began imitating Sullivan's hand gestures: "I did not know that I was spelling a word or even that words existed. I was simply making my fingers go in monkey-like imitation."[23]
The next month, Keller made a breakthrough, when she realized that the motions her teacher was making on the palm of her hand, while running cool water over her other hand, symbolized the idea of "water". Writing in her autobiography, The Story of My Life, Keller recalled the moment:
I stood still, my whole attention fixed upon the motions of her fingers. Suddenly I felt a misty consciousness as of something forgotten—a thrill of returning thought; and somehow the mystery of language was revealed to me. I knew then that w-a-t-e-r meant the wonderful cool something that was flowing over my hand. The living word awakened my soul, gave it light, hope, set it free![18]
Keller quickly demanded that Sullivan sign the names of all the other familiar objects in her world.[24]
Formal education[edit]
In May 1888, Keller started attending the Perkins Institute for the Blind. In 1893, Keller, along with Sullivan, attended William Wade House and Finishing School.[25] In 1894, Keller and Sullivan moved to New York to attend the Wright-Humason School for the Deaf, and to learn from Sarah Fuller at the Horace Mann School for the Deaf. In 1896, they returned to Massachusetts, and Keller entered The Cambridge School for Young Ladies before gaining admittance, in 1900, to Radcliffe College of Harvard University,[26] where she lived in Briggs Hall, South House. Her admirer, Mark Twain, had introduced her to Standard Oil magnate Henry Huttleston Rogers, who, with his wife Abbie, paid for her education. In 1904, at the age of 24, Keller graduated from Radcliffe as a member of Phi Beta Kappa,[27] becoming the first deafblind person to earn a Bachelor of Arts degree. She maintained a correspondence with the Austrian philosopher and pedagogue Wilhelm Jerusalem, who was one of the first to discover her literary talent.[28]
Determined to communicate with others as conventionally as possible, Keller learned to speak and spent much of her life giving speeches and lectures on aspects of her life. She learned to "hear" people's speech using the Tadoma method, which means using her fingers to feel the lips and throat of the speaker.[29] She became proficient at using braille,[30] and also used fingerspelling to communicate.[31] Shortly before World War I, with the assistance of the Zoellner Quartet, she determined that by placing her fingertips on a resonant tabletop she could experience music played close by.[32]
Companions[edit]
Helen Keller in 1899 with lifelong companion and teacher Anne Sullivan. Photo taken by Alexander Graham Bell at his School of Vocal Physiology and Mechanics of Speech.
Anne Sullivan stayed as a companion to Keller long after she taught her. Sullivan married John Macy in 1905, and her health started failing around 1914. Polly Thomson (February 20, 1885[33] – March 21, 1960) was hired to keep house. She was a young woman from Scotland who had no experience with deaf or blind people. She progressed to working as a secretary as well, and eventually became a constant companion to Keller.[34]
Keller moved to Forest Hills, Queens, together with Sullivan and Macy, and used the house as a base for her efforts on behalf of the American Foundation for the Blind.[35] While in her 30s, Keller had a love affair and became secretly engaged; she also defied her teacher and family by attempting an elopement with the man she loved,[36] Peter Fagan, who was known as "the fingerspelling socialist",[9] and was a young Boston Herald reporter sent to Keller's home to act as her private secretary when Sullivan fell ill. At the time, her father had died and Sullivan was recovering in Lake Placid and Puerto Rico. Keller had moved with her mother in Montgomery, Alabama.[9]
Sullivan died in 1936, with Keller holding her hand,[37] after falling into a coma as a result of coronary thrombosis.[38]: 266 Keller and Thomson moved to Connecticut. They traveled worldwide and raised funds for the blind. Thomson had a stroke in 1957 from which she never fully recovered and died in 1960. Winnie Corbally, a nurse originally hired to care for Thomson in 1957, stayed on after Thomson's death and was Keller's companion for the rest of her life.[35]
Career, writing and political activities[edit]
Helen Keller portrait, 1904. Due to a protruding left eye, Keller was usually photographed in profile until she had her eyes replaced, c. 1911, with glass replicas for "medical and cosmetic reasons".[39][40]
The few own the many because they possess the means of livelihood of all ... The country is governed for the richest, for the corporations, the bankers, the land speculators, and for the exploiters of labor. The majority of mankind are working people. So long as their fair demands—the ownership and control of their livelihoods—are set at naught, we can have neither men's rights nor women's rights. The majority of mankind is ground down by industrial oppression in order that the small remnant may live in ease.
—Helen Keller, 1911[41]
On January 22, 1916, Keller and Sullivan traveled to the small town of Menomonie in western Wisconsin to deliver a lecture at the Mabel Tainter Memorial Building. Details of her talk were provided in the weekly Dunn County News on January 22, 1916:A message of optimism, of hope, of good cheer, and of loving service was brought to Menomonie Saturday—a message that will linger long with those fortunate enough to have received it. This message came with the visit of Helen Keller and her teacher, Mrs. John Macy, and both had a hand in imparting it Saturday evening to a splendid audience that filled The Memorial. The wonderful girl who has so brilliantly triumphed over the triple afflictions of blindness, dumbness and deafness, gave a talk with her own lips on "Happiness", and it will be remembered always as a piece of inspired teaching by those who heard it.[42]
Keller became a world-famous speaker and author. She was an advocate for people with disabilities, amid numerous other causes. She traveled to twenty-five different countries giving motivational speeches about deaf people's conditions.[43] She was a suffragist, pacifist, Christian socialist, birth control supporter, and opponent of Woodrow Wilson. In 1915, she and George A. Kessler founded the Helen Keller International (HKI) organization. This organization is devoted to research in vision, health, and nutrition. In 1916, she sent money to the NAACP, as she was ashamed of the Southern un-Christian treatment of "colored people".[9]
In 1920, Keller helped to found the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU). She traveled to over 40 countries with Sullivan, making several trips to Japan and becoming a favorite of the Japanese people. Keller met every U.S. president from Grover Cleveland to Lyndon B. Johnson and was friends with many famous figures, including Alexander Graham Bell, Charlie Chaplin, and Mark Twain. Keller and Twain were both considered political radicals allied with leftist politics.[44]
Keller, who believed that the poor were "ground down by industrial oppression",[41] wanted children born into poor families to have the same opportunities to succeed that she had enjoyed. She wrote, "I owed my success partly to the advantages of my birth and environment. I have learned that the power to rise is not within the reach of everyone."[45]
In 1909, Keller became a member of the Socialist Party of America (SPA); she actively campaigned and wrote in support of the working class from 1909 to 1921. Many of her speeches and writings were about women's right to vote and the effects of war; in addition, she supported causes that opposed military intervention.[46] She had speech therapy to have her voice understood better by the public. When the Rockefeller-owned press refused to print her articles, she protested until her work was finally published.[38]
Keller supported the SPA candidate Eugene V. Debs in each of his campaigns for the presidency. Before reading Progress and Poverty by Henry George, she was already a socialist who believed that Georgism was a good step in the right direction.[47] She later wrote of finding "in Henry George's philosophy a rare beauty and power of inspiration, and a splendid faith in the essential nobility of human nature".[48] Keller stated that newspaper columnists who had praised her courage and intelligence before she expressed her socialist views now called attention to her disabilities. The editor of the Brooklyn Eagle wrote that her "mistakes sprung out of the manifest limitations of her development". Keller responded to that editor, referring to having met him before he knew of her political views:
At that time the compliments he paid me were so generous that I blush to remember them. But now that I have come out for socialism he reminds me and the public that I am blind and deaf and especially liable to error. I must have shrunk in intelligence during the years since I met him. ... Oh, ridiculous Brooklyn Eagle! Socially blind and deaf, it defends an intolerable system, a system that is the cause of much of the physical blindness and deafness which we are trying to prevent.[49]
In 1912, Keller joined the Industrial Workers of the World (the IWW, known as the Wobblies),[44] saying that parliamentary socialism was "sinking in the political bog". She wrote for the IWW between 1916 and 1918. In Why I Became an IWW, Keller explained that her motivation for activism came in part from her concern about blindness and other disabilities:[50]
I was appointed on a commission to investigate the conditions of the blind. For the first time I, who had thought blindness a misfortune beyond human control, found that too much of it was traceable to wrong industrial conditions, often caused by the selfishness and greed of employers. And the social evil contributed its share. I found that poverty drove women to a life of shame that ended in blindness.[50]
The last sentence refers to prostitution and syphilis, the former a "life of shame" that women used to support themselves, which contributed to their contracting syphilis. Untreated, it was a leading cause of blindness. In the same interview, Keller also cited the 1912 strike of textile workers in Lawrence, Massachusetts, for instigating her support of socialism.[50] As a result of her advocacy, she was placed on the FBI's watchlist;[51] the FBI wrote on July 1, 1953, that although they have not "conducted an investigation with regard to Helen Adams Keller", their files of Keller "reflect the following pertinent information concerning this individual".[52]
Keller supported eugenics, which had become popular with both new understandings and misapprehensions of principles of biological inheritance. In 1915, she wrote in favor of refusing life-saving medical procedures to infants with severe mental impairments or physical deformities, saying that their lives were not worthwhile and they would likely become criminals.[38]: pp. 36–37 [53] Keller also expressed concerns about human overpopulation.[54][55][unreliable source?] From 1946 to 1957, Keller visited 35 countries.[56] In 1948, she went to New Zealand and visited deaf schools in Christchurch and Auckland. She met Deaf Society of Canterbury Life Member Patty Still in Christchurch.[57]
Works[edit]
Helen Keller, c. November 1912
Keller wrote a total of 12 published books and several articles. One of her earliest pieces of writing, at age 11, was The Frost King (1891). There were allegations that this story had been plagiarized from The Frost Fairies by Margaret Canby. An investigation into the matter revealed that Keller may have experienced a case of cryptomnesia, which was that she had Canby's story read to her but forgot about it, while the memory remained in her subconscious.[35]
At age 22, with help from Sullivan and Sullivan's husband John Macy, Keller published her autobiography, The Story of My Life (1903).[58] It recounts the story of her life up to age 21 and was written during her time in college. In an article Keller wrote in 1907, she brought to public attention the fact that many cases of childhood blindness could be prevented by washing the eyes of every newborn baby with a disinfectant solution. At the time, only a fraction of doctors and midwives were doing this. Thanks to Keller's advocacy, this commonsense public health measure was swiftly and widely adopted.[45][59]
Keller wrote The World I Live In in 1908, giving readers an insight into how she felt about the world.[60] Out of the Dark, a series of essays on socialism, was published in 1913. When Keller was young, Anne Sullivan introduced her to Phillips Brooks, who introduced her to Christianity, Keller famously saying: "I always knew He was there, but I didn't know His name!"[61][62][63]
Her spiritual autobiography, My Religion,[64] was published in 1927 and then in 1994 extensively revised by Ray Silverman,[65] and re-issued under the title Light in My Darkness. It advocates the teachings of Emanuel Swedenborg, the Christian theologian and mystic who gave a spiritual interpretation of the teachings of the Bible and who claimed that the Second Coming of Jesus Christ had already taken place. Keller described the core of her belief in these words:
But in Swedenborg's teaching it [Divine Providence] is shown to be the government of God's Love and Wisdom and the creation of uses. Since His Life cannot be less in one being than another, or His Love manifested less fully in one thing than another, His Providence must needs be universal ... He has provided religion of some kind everywhere, and it does not matter to what race or creed anyone belongs if he is faithful to his ideals of right living.[64]
"The Frost King" (1891)
The Story of My Life (1903)
Optimism: an essay (1903) T. Y. Crowell and company
My Key of Life: Optimism (1904), Isbister
The World I Live In (1908)
The miracle of life (1909) Hodder and Stoughton
The song of the stone wall (1910) The Century co.
Out of the Dark, a series of essays on socialism (1913)
Uncle Sam Is Calling (set to music by Pauline B. Story) (1917)[66]
My Religion (1927; also called Light in My Darkness)
Midstream: my later life (1929) Doubleday, Doran & company
We bereaved.(1929) L. Fulenwider, Inc
Peace at eventide (1932) Methuen & co. ltd
Helen Keller in Scotland: a personal record written by herself (1933) Methuen, 212pp
Helen Keller's journal (1938) M. Joseph, 296pp
Let us have faith (1940), Doubleday, & Doran & co., inc.
Teacher: Anne Sullivan Macy: a tribute by the foster-child of her mind. (1955), Doubleday (publisher)
The open door (1957), Doubleday, 140pp
The faith of Helen Keller (1967)
Helen Keller: her socialist years, writings and speeches (1967)
Archival material[edit]
The Helen Keller Archives in New York are owned by the American Foundation for the Blind.[67] Archival material of Keller stored in New York was lost when the Twin Towers were destroyed in the September 11 attacks.[68][69][70]
Later life and death[edit]
Keller had a series of strokes in 1961 and spent the last years of her life at her home.[35] On September 14, 1964, President Lyndon B. Johnson awarded her the Presidential Medal of Freedom, one of the United States' two highest civilian honors. In 1965, she was elected to the National Women's Hall of Fame at the New York World's Fair.[35] Keller devoted much of her later life to raising funds for the American Foundation for the Blind. She died in her sleep on June 1, 1968, at her home, Arcan Ridge, located in Easton, Connecticut, at the age of 87. A service was held at the Washington National Cathedral in Washington, D.C., and her body was cremated in Bridgeport, Connecticut. Her ashes were buried at the Washington National Cathedral next to her constant companions, Anne Sullivan and Polly Thomson.[71][72]
Portrayals[edit]
Anne Sullivan – Helen Keller Memorial—a bronze sculpture in Tewksbury, Massachusetts
Keller's life has been interpreted many times. She and her companion Anne Sullivan appeared in a silent film, Deliverance (1919), which told her story in a melodramatic, allegorical style.[73] She was also the subject of the Academy Award-winning 1954 documentary Helen Keller in Her Story, narrated by her friend and noted theatrical actress Katharine Cornell;[74][75] in 2023, the film was added to the National Film Registry by the Library of Congress for being deemed "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".[76] She was also profiled in The Story of Helen Keller, part of the Famous Americans series produced by Hearst Entertainment. In the 1950s, when she was considered by many worldwide the greatest woman alive, Hearst reporter Adela Rogers St. Johns told friends that she did not plan to include Keller in the book she was writing about the most famous women of the United States.[74]
The Miracle Worker is a literature cycle of dramatic works ultimately derived from her autobiography, The Story of My Life. The various dramas each describe the relationship between Keller and Sullivan, depicting how the teacher led her from a state of almost feral wildness into education, activism, and intellectual celebrity. The common title of the cycle echoes Mark Twain's description of Sullivan as a "miracle worker".[77] Its first realization, starring Patty McCormack as Keller and Teresa Wright as Sullivan, was the 1957 Playhouse 90 teleplay of that title by William Gibson. When Keller heard about it, she was enthusiastic, saying: "Never did I dream a drama could be devised out of the story of my life."[78] Within the cultural context of the early civil rights movement,[79] Gibson adapted it for a Broadway production in 1959, which was praised by critics as a contemporary classic,[80] and an Oscar-winning feature film in 1962, starring Anne Bancroft and Patty Duke.[80] It was remade for television in 1979,[80] and then again in 2000.[81][82]
Helen Keller with Patty Duke, who portrayed Keller in both the play and film The Miracle Worker (1962). In a 1979 remake, Patty Duke played Anne Sullivan.
An anime movie called The Story of Helen Keller: Angel of Love and Light was made in 1981.[83] In 1984, Keller's life story was made into a TV movie called The Miracle Continues.[84] This film, a semi-sequel to The Miracle Worker, recounts her college years and her early adult life. None of the early movies hint at the social activism that would become the hallmark of Keller's later life, although a Disney version produced in 2000 states in the credits that she became an activist for social equality. The Bollywood movie Black (2005) was largely based on Keller's story from her childhood to her graduation.[85]
A documentary called Shining Soul: Helen Keller's Spiritual Life and Legacy was produced by the Swedenborg Foundation in 2005. The film focuses on the role played by Emanuel Swedenborg's spiritual theology in her life and how it inspired Keller's triumph over her triple disabilities of blindness, deafness, and a severe speech impediment.[86] On March 6, 2008, the New England Historic Genealogical Society announced that a staff member had discovered a rare 1888 photograph showing Helen and Anne, which, although previously published, had escaped widespread attention.[87] Depicting Helen holding one of her many dolls, it is believed to be the earliest surviving photograph of Anne Sullivan Macy.[88] Video footage showing Keller speaking also exists.[89]
A biography of Keller was written by the German Jewish author H. J. Kaeser.[90] A 10-by-7-foot (3.0 by 2.1 m) painting titled The Advocate: Tribute to Helen Keller was created by three artists from Kerala, India, as a tribute to Keller. The painting, which depicts the major events of Keller's life and is one of the biggest paintings done based on her life, was created in association with a non-profit organization Art d'Hope Foundation, artists groups Palette People, and XakBoX Design & Art Studio.[91] This painting was created for a fundraising event to help blind students in India,[92] and was inaugurated by M. G. Rajamanikyam, IAS (District Collector Ernakulam) on Helen Keller day (June 27, 2016).[93] In 2020, the documentary essay Her Socialist Smile by John Gianvito evolves around Keller's first public talk in 1913 before a general audience, when she started speaking out on behalf of progressive causes.[94]
Posthumous honors[edit]
In 1999, Keller was listed fifth (at 30 percent) in Gallup's Most Widely Admired People of the 20th century.[95][96] That same year, Keller was also named one of Time magazine's 100 Most Important People of the 20th Century.[97] In 2003, Alabama honored its native daughter on its state quarter.[98] The Alabama state quarter is the only circulating U.S. coin to feature braille.[99] The Helen Keller Hospital in Sheffield, Alabama, is dedicated to her.[100] Streets are named after Keller in Zurich, Switzerland; in Alabama and New York in the United States; in Getafe, Spain; in Vienna, Austria; in Lod, Israel;[101] in Lisbon, Portugal;[102] in Caen, France; and in São Paulo, Brazil. A preschool for the deaf and hard of hearing in Mysore, India, was originally named after Keller by its founder, K. K. Srinivasan.[103] In 1973, Keller was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame.[104]
A stamp was issued in 1980 (pictured) by the United States Postal Service, depicting Keller and Sullivan, to mark the centennial of Keller's birth.[105][106] That year, her birth was also recognized by a presidential proclamation from U.S. President Jimmy Carter.[107][108] Pennsylvania annually commemorates her June 27 birthday as Helen Keller Day.[109][110] On October 7, 2009, the State of Alabama donated a bronze statue of Keller to the National Statuary Hall Collection, as a replacement for its 1908 statue of education reformer Jabez Lamar Monroe Curry.[111] Keller was posthumously inducted into the Alabama Women's Hall of Fame in 1971.[112] She was one of twelve inaugural inductees to the Alabama Writers Hall of Fame on June 8, 2015.[113]
Helen Keller as depicted on the Alabama state quarter. The braille on the coin is English Braille for "HELEN KELLER".
Helen Keller (left) and Anne Sullivan
See also[edit]
Biography portalHistory portalPolitics portalSocialism portalAlabama portalMassachusetts portalUnited States portal
Helen Keller International
Helen Keller Services for the Blind
Laura Bridgman
List of peace activists
Perkins School for the Blind
Ragnhild Kåta
References[edit]
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^ "Speeches, Helen Keller Archive at the American Foundation for the Blind". Archived from the original on December 18, 2021. Retrieved December 23, 2020.
^ Aneja, Arpita; Waxman, Olivia B. (December 15, 2020). "The Helen Keller You Didn't Learn About in School". Time. Archived from the original on June 9, 2023. Retrieved April 14, 2023.
^ a b "Helen Keller Birthplace". Helen Keller Birthplace Foundation, Inc. Archived from the original on February 22, 2011. Retrieved January 13, 2005.
^ Kumar, Nitin (December 14, 2018). Gems of Wisdom: Quotes on Life, Love, Justice, Karma, Spiritualism. Notion Press. ISBN 978-1-64429-355-3.
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^ a b c "Helen Keller FAQ". Perkins School for the Blind. Archived from the original on August 16, 2014. Retrieved December 25, 2010.
^ a b c d e f g Nielsen, Kim E. (2007). "The Southern Ties of Helen Keller". Journal of Southern History. 73 (4): 783–806. doi:10.2307/27649568. JSTOR 27649568. Archived from the original on January 9, 2022. Retrieved March 15, 2016.
^ "Ask Keller". American Foundation for the Blind. October 2006. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved March 15, 2016.
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^ Eicher, John; Eicher, David (2002). Civil War High Commands. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-8035-3.
^ a b Herrmann, Dorothy; Keller, Helen; Shattuck, Roger (2003). The Story of my Life: The Restored Classic. W. W. Norton & Co. pp. 12–14. ISBN 978-0-393-32568-3. Retrieved May 14, 2010.
^ "Ask Keller". American Foundation for the Blind. November 2005. Archived from the original on April 9, 2008. Retrieved March 15, 2016.
^ "Ask Keller". American Foundation for the Blind. February 2005. Archived from the original on September 9, 2016. Retrieved June 13, 2017. Helen's illness was diagnosed by her doctor as 'acute congestion of the stomach and the brain'
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^ a b c "Helen Keller's Moment". The Attic. November 29, 2018. Archived from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved December 4, 2018.
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^ Wilkie, Katherine E. (1969). Helen Keller: Handicapped Girl. Atheneum. ISBN 978-0-672-50076-3.
^ "Helen Keller's Moment". The Attic. November 29, 2018. Archived from the original on March 27, 2019. Retrieved February 1, 2019.
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^ William Wade House and Finishing School, archived from the original on July 16, 2023, retrieved July 16, 2023
^ "Helen Keller in College – Blind, Dumb and Deaf Girl Now Studying at Radcliffe". Chicago Tribune: 16. October 13, 1900. Archived from the original on February 13, 2016. Retrieved March 15, 2016.
^ "Phi Beta Kappa Members" Archived April 7, 2020, at the Wayback Machine. The Phi Beta Kappa Society (PBK.org). Retrieved March 25, 2020.
^ Herbert Gantschacher "Back from History! – The correspondence of letters between the Austrian-Jewish philosopher Wilhelm Jerusalem and the American deafblind writer Helen Keller", Gebärdensache, Vienna 2009, p. 35ff.
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^ Specifically, the reordered alphabet known as American Braille
^ Johnson-Thompson, Keller. "Ask Keller – March 2005". Braille Bug. American Printing House for the Blind. Archived from the original on March 7, 2021. Retrieved March 17, 2021.
^ "First Number Citizens Lecture Course Monday, November Fifth", The Weekly Spectrum, North Dakota Agricultural College, Volume XXXVI no. 3, November 7, 1917.
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^ a b c d e "The life of Helen Keller". Royal National Institute of Blind People. November 20, 2008. Archived from the original on June 7, 2007. Retrieved January 22, 2009.
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^ Herrmann, Dorothy (1999). Helen Keller: A Life. University of Chicago Press. p. 255. ISBN 978-0-226-32763-1. Archived from the original on January 9, 2022. Retrieved November 17, 2021. With Helen Keller at her bedside, holding her hand, Anne Sullivan Macy died on October 20, 1936, at seven-thirty in the morning.
^ a b c Nielsen, Kim E. (2004). The Radical Lives of Helen Keller. New York: New York University Press. ISBN 978-0814758144.
^ Herrmann, Dorothy (1999). Helen Keller: A Life. University of Chicago Press. pp. 180–181. ISBN 978-0-226-32763-1. Archived from the original on January 9, 2022. Retrieved November 17, 2021. For years she had always been carefully photographed in right profile to hide her left eye, which was protruding and obviously blind. Aware that she would now be exposed to the merciless gaze of the public, she had both eyes surgically removed and replaced with glass ones.
^ Selsdon, Helen (July 29, 2015). "Helen Keller: An Artificial Eye". American Foundation for the Blind. Archived from the original on January 9, 2022. Retrieved September 23, 2021.
^ a b Keller, Helen (2003). Davis, John (ed.). Rebel Lives. Ocean Press. p. 57. ISBN 978-1-876175-60-3.
^ Koser, Jessica (January 19, 2016). "From the files: New library is now open to the public". Dunn County News. Archived from the original on March 25, 2016. Retrieved March 15, 2016.
^ McGinnity, B.L (September 12, 2014). "Helen Keller". Archived from the original on November 24, 2016. Retrieved November 29, 2016.
^ a b Loewen, James W. (1996) [1995]. Lies My Teacher Told Me: Everything Your American History Textbook Got Wrong (Touchstone ed.). New York: Touchstone Books. pp. 20–22. ISBN 978-0-684-81886-3.
^ a b Hubbard, Ruth Shagoury. "The Truth About Helen Keller". rethinking schools. Archived from the original on December 9, 2021. Retrieved December 6, 2021.
^ Davis, Mark J. "Examining the American peace movement prior to World War I" Archived December 18, 2019, at the Wayback Machine, America Magazine, April 17, 2017
^ "Wonder Woman at Massey Hall". Toronto Star Weekly. January 1914. Archived from the original on November 1, 2014. Retrieved October 31, 2014.
^ George, Henry (1998). Progress & Poverty. Robert Schalkenbach Foundation. p. 262. ISBN 978-0-911312-10-2. Archived from the original on April 17, 2021. Retrieved October 17, 2020.
^ Keller, Helen (November 3, 1912). "How I Became a Socialist". The New York Call. Helen Keller Reference Archive. Archived from the original on March 29, 2016. Retrieved March 15, 2016.
^ a b c Bindley, Barbara (January 16, 1916). "Why I Became an IWW". New York Tribune. Archived from the original on September 7, 2021. Retrieved December 21, 2021 – via Helen Keller Reference Archive.
^ Carter-Long, Lawrence (November 29, 2021). "Pop culture and the enduring legacy of Helen Keller". American Masters. PBS. Retrieved December 24, 2024.
^ Pelka, Fred (September 2001). "Helen Keller & the FBI". The Disability Rag. No. 5. Retrieved December 24, 2024.
^ Pernick, M S (November 1997). "Eugenics and public health in American history". American Journal of Public Health. 87 (11): 1767–1772. doi:10.2105/ajph.87.11.1767. PMC 1381159. PMID 9366633.
^ "Quotes". Population Matters. Archived from the original on July 3, 2015. Retrieved July 3, 2014.
^ "Quotes". World Population Balance. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved July 3, 2014.
^ "Helen Keller Biography" Archived July 25, 2017, at the Wayback Machine. American Foundation for the Blind (AFB.org). Retrieved March 31, 2020.
^ "History » Deaf Society of Canterbury – Te Kahui Turi Ki Waitaha". Archived from the original on September 18, 2018. Retrieved September 18, 2018.
^ "Helen Keller". Women of the Hall. Archived from the original on November 21, 2018. Retrieved November 21, 2018.
^ Keller, Helen (January 1907). "Unnecessary Blindness". The Ladies' Home Journal. Archived from the original on December 6, 2021. Retrieved December 6, 2021.
^ Keller, Helen (1910). The World I Live In. New York: The Century Co. ISBN 978-1-59017-067-0.
^ Willmington, H. L. (1981). Willmington's Guide to the Bible. Wheaton, Illinois: Tyndale House Publishers. p. 591. ISBN 978-0-8423-8804-7. Retrieved March 15, 2016. Sometime after she had progressed to the point that she could engage in conversation, she was told of God and his love in sending Christ to die on the cross. She is said to have responded with joy, "I always knew he was there, but I didn't know his name!"
^ Helms, Harold E. (April 30, 2004). God's Final Answer. Xulon Press. p. 78. ISBN 978-1-59467-410-5. Archived from the original on May 8, 2020. Retrieved March 15, 2016. A favorite story about Helen Keller concerns her first introduction to the gospel. When Helen, who was both blind and deaf, learned to communicate, Anne Sullivan, her teacher, decided that it was time for her to hear about Jesus Christ. Anne called for Phillips Brooks, the most famous preacher in Boston. With Sullivan interpreting for him, he talked to Helen Keller about Christ. It wasn't long until a smile lighted up her face. Through her teacher she said, "Mr. Brooks, I have always known about God, but until now I didn't know His name."
^ Dickinson, Mary Lowe; Avary, Myrta Lockett (1901). Heaven, Home And Happiness. The Christian Herald. p. 216. Retrieved March 15, 2016. Phillips Brooks began to tell her about God, who God was, what he had done, how he loved me, and what he was to us. The child listened very intently. Then she looked up and said, "Mr. Brooks, I knew all that before, but I didn't know His name."
^ a b Keller, Helen (2007). My Religion. The Book Tree. pp. 177–178. ISBN 978-1-58509-284-0. Archived from the original on December 26, 2020. Retrieved June 16, 2015.
^ Jolly, Margaretta (December 4, 2013). Encyclopedia of Life Writing: Autobiographical and Biographical Forms. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-78743-0. Archived from the original on June 5, 2024. Retrieved June 3, 2024.
^ "94 Pauline story Images: PICRYL Public Domain Search". PICRYL. Archived from the original on November 9, 2021. Retrieved November 9, 2021.
^ "Helen Keller – Our Champion". American Foundation for the Blind. 2015. Archived from the original on November 8, 2015. Retrieved November 7, 2015.
^ "Helen Keller Archive Lost in World Trade Center Attack". Poets & Writers. October 3, 2001. Archived from the original on August 8, 2015. Retrieved April 26, 2015.
^ Urschel, Donna (November 2002). "Lives and Treasures Taken". Library of Congress Information Bulletin. 61 (11). Library of Congress. Archived from the original on November 22, 2017. Retrieved December 29, 2017.
^ Bridge, Sarah; Stastna, Kazi (August 21, 2011). "9/11 anniversary: What was lost in the damage". CBC News. Archived from the original on January 19, 2018. Retrieved April 26, 2015.
^ Wilson, Scott. Resting Places: The Burial Sites of More Than 14,000 Famous Persons, 3rd ed.: 2 (Kindle Locations 24973-24974). McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers. Kindle Edition.
^ "The life of Helen Keller". Archived from the original on June 7, 2007.
^ "Deliverance (1919)". IMDb. Archived from the original on March 27, 2007. Retrieved June 15, 2006.
^ a b Herrmann, Dorothy (1999). Helen Keller: A Life. University of Chicago Press. p. 310. ISBN 978-0-226-32763-1.
^ "Documentary Film makers & Film Productions. Watch Documentaries Online". Culture Unplugged. Retrieved December 24, 2024.
^ Tartaglione, Nancy (December 13, 2023). "National Film Registry: 'Apollo 13', 'Home Alone', 'Terminator 2', '12 Years A Slave' Among 25 Titles Added This Year". Deadline. Retrieved December 24, 2024.
^ Gibson, William (October 14, 1979). "Looking Back At The Miracle Worker on TV". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 17, 2021. Retrieved December 24, 2024.
^ Herrmann, Dorothy (1999). Helen Keller: A Life. University of Chicago Press. p. 324. ISBN 978-0-226-32763-1.
^ Eliassen, Meredith (2021). Helen Keller: A Life in American History. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 13. ISBN 979-8-216-09540-8.
^ a b c Herrmann, Dorothy (1999). Helen Keller: A Life. University of Chicago Press. p. 321. ISBN 978-0-226-32763-1.
^ Salamon, Julie (November 10, 2000). "Television Review: The Helen Keller Role Passes to the Pepsi Generation The Wonderful World of Disney The Miracle Worker". The New York Times. ProQuest 91401410. Retrieved December 24, 2024 – via ProQuest.
^ Miller, Daryl H. (November 11, 2000). "Disney's 'Miracle Worker' a Bit Too Polished but Still Powerful". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved December 24, 2024.
^ Clements, Jonathan; McCarthy, Helen (2015). The Anime Encyclopedia: A Century of Japanese Animation (3rd revised ed.). Stone Bridge Press. p. 847. ISBN 978-1-61172-909-2.
^ Schuchman, John S. (1988). Hollywood Speaks: Deafness and the Film Entertainment Industry. University of Illinois Press. p. 147. ISBN 978-0-252-06850-8. See also New York Magazine. New York Media. April 23, 1984. p. 147. Retrieved December 24, 2024. New York Magazine. New York Media. April 30, 1984. p. 134.
^ Güler, Emrah (October 28, 2013). "Helen Keller story inspires Turkish film". Hürriyet Daily News. Archived from the original on March 18, 2016. Retrieved April 26, 2015.
^ "Shining Soul: Helen Keller's Spiritual Life & Legacy". The Video Librarian. 21 (3): 86. May 1, 2006.
^ "Picture of Helen Keller as a child revealed after 120 years". The Independent. London. March 7, 2008. Archived from the original on February 21, 2010. Retrieved May 4, 2010.
^ "Newly Discovered Photograph Features Never Before Seen Image Of Young Helen Keller" (PDF). New England Genealogical Society. Retrieved March 6, 2008. [dead link]
^ "Helen Keller Speaks Out". YouTube. April 11, 2011. Archived from the original on April 13, 2023. Retrieved April 15, 2023.
^ Phillips, Zlata Fuss (2011). German Children's and Youth Literature in Exile 1933−1950: Biographies and Bibliographies. Walter de Gruyter. p. 118. ISBN 978-3-11-095285-8.
^ "A tribute to Helen Keller". The New Indian Express. July 12, 2016. Archived from the original on October 19, 2016. Retrieved October 17, 2016.
^ "'Tribute to Helen Keller': Art for raising funds for blind students". www.artdhope.org. July 25, 2016. Archived from the original on October 18, 2016. Retrieved October 17, 2016.
^ "Tribute to Helen Keller". The Hindu. Archived from the original on January 9, 2022. Retrieved October 17, 2016.
^ "Her Socialist Smile". Film at Lincoln Center. Archived from the original on July 2, 2021. Retrieved November 1, 2020.
^ The Gallup Poll: Public Opinion 1999. Rowman & Littlefield. 2000. p. 248. ISBN 978-0-8420-2699-4.
^ Wong, Lawrence (2010). "Gallup Poll: Widely Admired People of the 20th Century". Ranker. Retrieved December 24, 2024.
^ "Time 100 Persons of The Century". Time. June 6, 1999. Archived from the original on December 20, 2022. Retrieved May 8, 2023.
^ "A likeness of Helen Keller is featured on Alabama's quarter". United States Mint. March 23, 2010. Archived from the original on December 1, 2006. Retrieved August 24, 2010.
^ "The Official Alabama State Quarter". The US50. March 17, 2003. Archived from the original on October 21, 2013. Retrieved October 21, 2013.
^ "About". Helen Keller Hospital. Archived from the original on August 8, 2024. Retrieved December 24, 2024.
^ Bush, Lawrence (June 26, 2016). "June 27: Helen Keller and the Jews". Jewish Currents. Retrieved December 24, 2024. See also "רחוב הלן קלר, לוד" [Helen Keller Street, Lod] (in Hebrew). Google Maps. January 1, 1970. Archived from the original on January 9, 2022. Retrieved July 24, 2011.
^ "Avenida Helen Keller". Toponímia de Lisboa (in Portuguese). January 6, 1968. Archived from the original on March 24, 2012. Retrieved July 24, 2011.
^ "The World at your Fingertips: Helen Keller's legacy touches deafblind children in India". Radio Netherlands Archives. February 18, 2004. Archived from the original on October 27, 2020. Retrieved April 15, 2019.
^ Skinner, Joe (October 25, 2021). "Helen Keller biography and timeline". American Masters. PBS. Retrieved December 24, 2024.
^ "Helen Keller and Anne Sullivan". National Postal Museum. Retrieved December 24, 2024.
^ Hotchner, John M. (March 30, 2021). "Readers respond to Helen Keller stamp designs". Linns Stamp News. Retrieved December 24, 2024.
^ "Proclamation 4767—Helen Keller Day". The American Presidency Project. June 19, 1980. Retrieved December 24, 2024.
^ Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents. Office of the Federal Register, National Archives and Records Service, General Services Administration. 1980. p. 1148. Retrieved December 24, 2024.
^ McAuliffe, Josh (March 6, 2016). "Blind Association's Helen Keller Day marks 87th year as organization's biggest fundraiser". The Scranton Times-Tribune. Archived from the original on March 9, 2016. Retrieved December 24, 2024.
^ "Helen Keller Day in the USA 2024". Awareness Days. 2024. Retrieved December 24, 2024.
^ "Helen Keller". Architect of the Capitol. Archived from the original on December 2, 2010. Retrieved December 25, 2009.
^ Mathews, Bill (November 29, 2010). "Alabama Women's Hall of Fame". Encyclopedia of Alabama. Retrieved December 24, 2024. Last updated November 27, 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
^ "Harper Lee Among Inaugural Inductees Into Alabama Writers Hall of Fame". The Huffington Post. June 8, 2015. Archived from the original on December 4, 2015. Retrieved March 15, 2016.
Further reading[edit]
Library resources about Helen Keller
Online books
Resources in your library
Resources in other libraries
By Helen Keller
Online books
Resources in your library
Resources in other libraries
Einhorn, Lois J. (1998). Helen Keller, Public Speaker: Sightless But Seen, Deaf But Heard (Great American Orators)
Harrity, Richard and Martin, Ralph G. (1962). The Three Lives of Helen Keller.
Hickok, Lorena A. (1958). The Story of Helen Keller. Grosset & Dunlap. Archived from the original on September 4, 2023. Retrieved September 4, 2023.
Homans, James E., ed. (1918). "Keller, Helen Adams" . The Cyclopædia of American Biography. New York: The Press Association Compilers, Inc.
Lash, Joseph P. (1980). Helen and Teacher: The Story of Helen Keller and Anne Sullivan Macy. New York: Delacorte Press. ISBN 978-0-440-03654-8.
"World Encyclopedia". Keller, Helen Adams. World Encyclopedia. Philip's. 2008. ISBN 978-0-19-954609-1. Retrieved February 10, 2012.
Brooks, Van Wyck (1956). Helen Keller Sketch for a Portrait.
External links[edit]
Works by Helen Keller at Faded Page (Canada)
Works by Helen Keller at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
Works by Helen Keller in eBook form at Standard Ebooks
Works by Helen Keller at Open Library
Works by Helen Keller at Project Gutenberg
Works by or about Helen Keller at the Internet Archive
Newspaper clippings about Helen Keller in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW
Helen Keller and Anne Sullivan Collections Archived November 8, 2017, at the Wayback Machine at Perkins School for the Blind
vteHelen KellerLife history
Ivy Green
Tuscumbia, Alabama
Laura Bridgman
Alexander Graham Bell
Charles W. Adams
Schools attended
Perkins School for the Blind
Anne Sullivan
Wright-Humason School for the Deaf
Horace Mann School for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing
The Cambridge School of Weston
Radcliffe College
Related foundations
Helen Keller International
American Civil Liberties Union
Helen Keller Services for the Blind
Related works
"The Frost King"
The Story of My Life
Light in My Darkness
Deliverance
Helen Keller in Her Story
The Miracle Worker
play
1962 film
1979 film
2000 film
The Miracle Continues
Black
Related
Helen Keller Day
Statue of Helen Keller
Links to related articles
vteAlabama Women's Hall of Fame1970s1971
Hallie Farmer
Helen Keller
Julia Strudwick Tutwiler
1972
Agnes Ellen Harris
Margaret Murray Washington
1973
Edwina Donnelly Mitchell
Lurleen Wallace
1974
Henrietta Gibbs
Loraine Bedsole Tunstall
1975
Dixie Bibb Graves
Marie Bankhead Owen
1976
Ruth Robertson Berrey
Annie Lola Price
1977
Amelia Gayle Gorgas
Augusta Jane Evans Wilson
1978
Annie Rowan Forney Daugette
Patti Ruffner Jacobs
1979
Myrtle Brooke
Carrie A. Tuggle
1980s1980
Kathleen Moore Mallory
Ruby Pickens Tartt
1981
Tallulah Bankhead
Elizabeth Johnston
1982
Chrysostom Moynahan
Loula Friend Dunn
1983
Anne Mathilde Bilbro
Clara Weaver Parrish
1984
Mildred Westervelt Warner
Katherine White-Spunner
1985
Blanche Evans Dean
Katherine Vickery
1986
Chamintney Stovall Thomas
Martha Strudwick Young
1987
Elizabeth C. Crosby
Lella Warren
1988
Katherine Cooper Cater
Mary Elizabeth Phillips Thompson
1989
Gwen Bristow
Geneva Mercer
1990s1990
Maud McLure Kelly
Octavia Walton Le Vert
1991
Frances Virginia Praytor
Anna Linton Praytor
Julia Tarrant Barron
1992
Bessie Morse Bellingrath
Frances Scott Fitzgerald
Zelda Fitzgerald
1993
Ida Elizabeth Brandon Mathis
Mary George Jordan Waite
1994
Doris Marie Bender
Lottice Howell
1995
Elizabeth Burford Bashinsky
Maude McKnight Lindsay
1997
Hattie Hooker Wilkins
Marion Walker Spidle
1998
Martha Foster Crawford
Maria Howard Weeden
1999
Margaret H. Booth
Juliet Opie Hopkins
2000s2000
Florence Golson Bateman
Maria Fearing
2001
Ida Vines Moffett
Sibyl Pool
2002
Idella Jones Childs
Jane Lobman Katz
2003
Louise Branscomb
Bess Bolden Walcott
2004
Nancy Batson Crews
Rosa Gerhardt
2005
Vera Hall
Juliette Hampton Morgan
2006
Virginia Foster Durr
Mary Celesta Johnson Weatherly
2007
Fran McKee
Martha Crystal Myers
2008
Rosa Parks
2009
Coretta Scott King
2010s2010
Mary Ivy Burks
Margaret Charles Smith
2011
Evelyn Daniel Anderson
Ada Ruth Stovall
2012Nina Miglionico2013
Zora Neale Hurston
Frances C. Roberts
2014
Hazel Mansell Gore
2015
Kathryn Tucker Windham
2016
Anne Mae Beddow
Sarah Haynsworth Gayle
2017
Mary Ward Brown
Sara Crews Finley
2018
Jessie Welch Austin
Jeanne Friegel Berman
2019
Milly Francis
Harper Lee
2020s2020
Mother Angelica
Janie Shores
2021
Vivian Malone Jones
Emera Frances Griffin
2022
Vestal Goodman
Allison Wetherbee
2023
Mahala Ashley Dickerson
Alice Lee (lawyer)
vteConnecticut Women's Hall of Fame1990s1994
Mary Jobe Akeley
Anni Albers
Marian Anderson
Beatrice Fox Auerbach
Emma Fielding Baker
Evelyn Longman Batchelder
Catharine Beecher
Jody Cohen
Prudence Crandall
Katharine Seymour Day
Fidelia Fielding
Charlotte Perkins Gilman
Dorothy Goodwin
Ella Grasso
Estelle Griswold
Mary Hall
Alice Hamilton
Katharine Hepburn
Katharine Martha Houghton Hepburn
Isabella Beecher Hooker
Emeline Roberts Jones
Barbara B. Kennelly
Clare Boothe Luce
Rachel Taylor Milton
Alice Paul
Ellen Ash Peters
Ann Petry
Sarah Porter
Theodate Pope Riddle
Edna Negron Rosario
Margaret Rudkin
Susan Saint James
Lydia Sigourney
Virginia Thrall Smith
Smiths of Glastonbury
Hilda Crosby Standish
Harriet Beecher Stowe
Gladys Tantaquidgeon
Betty Tianti
Hannah Bunce Watson
Chase G. Woodhouse
1995
Helen M. Feeney
Caroline Hewins
Donna Lopiano
María Colón Sánchez
1996
Edythe J. Gaines
Madeleine L'Engle
Susanne Langer
1997
Elizabeth Hart Jarvis Colt
Annie Dillard
Margo Rose
Laura Wheeler Waring
1998
Dorrit Hoffleit
Constance Baker Motley
Rosa Ponselle
Lillian Vernon
Mabel Osgood Wright
1999
Jane Hamilton-Merritt
Sophie Tucker
Ann Uccello
Florence Wald
2000s2000
Emily Barringer
Adrianne Baughns-Wallace
Mary Goodrich Jenson
2001
Laura Nyro
Catherine Roraback
Maria Miller Stewart
2002
Florence Griswold
Eileen Kraus
Miriam Therese Winter
2003
Dotha Bushnell Hillyer
Clarice McLean
2005
Martha Coolidge
Helen Frankenthaler
Rosalind Russell
2006
Helen Keller
Mary Townsend Seymour
Anne Stanback
2007
Dorothy Hamill
Joan Joyce
Glenna Collett-Vare
2008
Jewel Plummer Cobb
Patricia Goldman-Rakic
Barbara McClintock
Joan A. Steitz
2009
Martha Minerva Franklin
Carolyn M. Mazure
Helen L. Smits
2010s2010
Anne M. Mulcahy
Martha Parsons
Maggie Wilderotter
2011
Isabelle M. Kelley
Denise Nappier
Patricia Wald
2012
Anne Garrels
Annie Leibovitz
Faith Middleton
2013
Rosa DeLauro
Barbara Franklin
Linda Lorimer
Augusta Lewis Troup
2014
Beatrix Farrand
Jennifer Lawton
Marian Salzman
2015
Margaret Bourke-White
Carolyn Miles
Indra Nooyi
2016
Rebecca Lobo
Jane Pauley
Joyce Yerwood
2017
Kristen Griest
Ruth A. Lucas
Regina Rush-Kittle
2018
Lucia Chase
Anika Noni Rose
Tina Weymouth
2019
Marian Chertow
Nell Newman
Martha Langevin
Elizabeth George Plouffe
2020s2020
Josephine Bennett
Frances Ellen Burr
Catherine Flanagan
Sarah Lee Brown Fleming
Clara Hill (suffragist)
Elsie Hill
Helena Hill
Emily Pierson
2021
Enola G. Aird
Patricia Baker
Donna Berman
Khalilah L. Brown-Dean
Glynda C. Carr
Callie Gale Heilmann
Jerimarie Liesegang
Kica Matos
Marilyn Ondrasik
Pamela Selders
Teresa C. Younger
2022
Cora Lee Bentley Radcliffe
Jennifer Rizzotti
Lhakpa Sherpa
Suzy Whaley
2023
Lisa Cortés
Laura Cruickshank
Carla Squatrito
Regina Winters-Toussaint
2024
Sara Bronin
Melissa Bernstein
Barbara Summers
vteInductees to the National Women's Hall of Fame1970–19791973
Jane Addams
Marian Anderson
Susan B. Anthony
Clara Barton
Mary McLeod Bethune
Elizabeth Blackwell
Pearl S. Buck
Rachel Carson
Mary Cassatt
Emily Dickinson
Amelia Earhart
Alice Hamilton
Helen Hayes
Helen Keller
Eleanor Roosevelt
Florence Sabin
Margaret Chase Smith
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Helen Brooke Taussig
Harriet Tubman
1976
Abigail Adams
Margaret Mead
Mildred "Babe" Didrikson Zaharias
1979
Dorothea Dix
Juliette Gordon Low
Alice Paul
Elizabeth Bayley Seton
1980–19891981
Margaret Sanger
Sojourner Truth
1982
Carrie Chapman Catt
Frances Perkins
1983
Belva Lockwood
Lucretia Mott
1984
Mary "Mother" Harris Jones
Bessie Smith
1986
Barbara McClintock
Lucy Stone
Harriet Beecher Stowe
1988
Gwendolyn Brooks
Willa Cather
Sally Ride
Mary Risteau
Ida B. Wells-Barnett
1990–19991990
Margaret Bourke-White
Barbara Jordan
Billie Jean King
Florence B. Seibert
1991
Gertrude Belle Elion
1993
Ethel Percy Andrus
Antoinette Blackwell
Emily Blackwell
Shirley Chisholm
Jacqueline Cochran
Ruth Colvin
Marian Wright Edelman
Alice Evans
Betty Friedan
Ella Grasso
Martha Wright Griffiths
Fannie Lou Hamer
Dorothy Height
Dolores Huerta
Mary Putnam Jacobi
Mae Jemison
Mary Lyon
Mary Mahoney
Wilma Mankiller
Constance Baker Motley
Georgia O'Keeffe
Annie Oakley
Rosa Parks
Esther Peterson
Jeannette Rankin
Ellen Swallow Richards
Elaine Roulet
Katherine Siva Saubel
Gloria Steinem
Helen Stephens
Lillian Wald
Madam C. J. Walker
Faye Wattleton
Rosalyn S. Yalow
Gloria Yerkovich
1994
Bella Abzug
Ella Baker
Myra Bradwell
Annie Jump Cannon
Jane Cunningham Croly
Catherine East
Geraldine Ferraro
Charlotte Perkins Gilman
Grace Hopper
Helen LaKelly Hunt
Zora Neale Hurston
Anne Hutchinson
Frances Wisebart Jacobs
Susette La Flesche
Louise McManus
Maria Mitchell
Antonia Novello
Linda Richards
Wilma Rudolph
Betty Bone Schiess
Muriel Siebert
Nettie Stevens
Oprah Winfrey
Sarah Winnemucca
Fanny Wright
1995
Virginia Apgar
Ann Bancroft
Amelia Bloomer
Mary Breckinridge
Eileen Collins
Elizabeth Hanford Dole
Anne Dallas Dudley
Mary Baker Eddy
Ella Fitzgerald
Margaret Fuller
Matilda Joslyn Gage
Lillian Moller Gilbreth
Nannerl O. Keohane
Maggie Kuhn
Sandra Day O'Connor
Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin
Pat Schroeder
Hannah Greenebaum Solomon
1996
Louisa May Alcott
Charlotte Anne Bunch
Frances Xavier Cabrini
Mary A. Hallaren
Oveta Culp Hobby
Wilhelmina Cole Holladay
Anne Morrow Lindbergh
Maria Goeppert Mayer
Ernestine Louise Potowski Rose
Maria Tallchief
Edith Wharton
1998
Madeleine Albright
Maya Angelou
Nellie Bly
Lydia Moss Bradley
Mary Steichen Calderone
Mary Ann Shadd Cary
Joan Ganz Cooney
Gerty Cori
Sarah Grimké
Julia Ward Howe
Shirley Ann Jackson
Shannon Lucid
Katharine Dexter McCormick
Rozanne L. Ridgway
Edith Nourse Rogers
Felice Schwartz
Eunice Kennedy Shriver
Beverly Sills
Florence Wald
Angelina Grimké Weld
Chien-Shiung Wu
2000–20092000
Faye Glenn Abdellah
Emma Smith DeVoe
Marjory Stoneman Douglas
Mary Dyer
Sylvia A. Earle
Crystal Eastman
Jeanne Holm
Leontine T. Kelly
Frances Oldham Kelsey
Kate Mullany
Janet Reno
Anna Howard Shaw
Sophia Smith
Ida Tarbell
Wilma L. Vaught
Mary Edwards Walker
Annie Dodge Wauneka
Eudora Welty
Frances E. Willard
2001
Dorothy H. Andersen
Lucille Ball
Rosalynn Carter
Lydia Maria Child
Bessie Coleman
Dorothy Day
Marian de Forest
Althea Gibson
Beatrice A. Hicks
Barbara Holdridge
Harriet Williams Russell Strong
Emily Howell Warner
Victoria Woodhull
2002
Paulina Kellogg Wright Davis
Ruth Bader Ginsburg
Katharine Graham
Bertha Holt
Mary Engle Pennington
Mercy Otis Warren
2003
Linda G. Alvarado
Donna de Varona
Gertrude Ederle
Martha Matilda Harper
Patricia Roberts Harris
Stephanie L. Kwolek
Dorothea Lange
Mildred Robbins Leet
Patsy Takemoto Mink
Sacagawea
Anne Sullivan
Sheila E. Widnall
2005
Florence E. Allen
Ruth Fulton Benedict
Betty Bumpers
Hillary Clinton
Rita Rossi Colwell
Mother Marianne Cope
Maya Y. Lin
Patricia A. Locke
Blanche Stuart Scott
Mary Burnett Talbert
2007
Eleanor K. Baum
Julia Child
Martha Coffin Pelham Wright
Swanee Hunt
Winona LaDuke
Elisabeth Kübler-Ross
Judith L. Pipher
Catherine Filene Shouse
Henrietta Szold
2009
Louise Bourgeois
Mildred Cohn
Karen DeCrow
Susan Kelly-Dreiss
Allie B. Latimer
Emma Lazarus
Ruth Patrick
Rebecca Talbot Perkins
Susan Solomon
Kate Stoneman
2010–20192011
St. Katharine Drexel
Dorothy Harrison Eustis
Loretta C. Ford
Abby Kelley Foster
Helen Murray Free
Billie Holiday
Coretta Scott King
Lilly Ledbetter
Barbara A. Mikulski
Donna E. Shalala
Kathrine Switzer
2013
Betty Ford
Ina May Gaskin
Julie Krone
Kate Millett
Nancy Pelosi
Mary Joseph Rogers
Bernice Sandler
Anna Schwartz
Emma Willard
2015
Tenley Albright
Nancy Brinker
Martha Graham
Marcia Greenberger
Barbara Iglewski
Jean Kilbourne
Carlotta Walls LaNier
Philippa Marrack
Mary Harriman Rumsey
Eleanor Smeal
2017
Matilda Cuomo
Temple Grandin
Lorraine Hansberry
Victoria Jackson
Sherry Lansing
Clare Boothe Luce
Aimee Mullins
Carol Mutter
Janet Rowley
Alice Waters
2019
Gloria Allred
Angela Davis
Sarah Deer
Jane Fonda
Nicole Malachowski
Rose O'Neill
Louise Slaughter
Sonia Sotomayor
Laurie Spiegel
Flossie Wong-Staal
2020–20292020
Aretha Franklin
Barbara Hillary
Barbara Rose Johns
Henrietta Lacks
Toni Morrison
Mary Church Terrell
2022
Octavia E. Butler
Judy Chicago
Rebecca S. Halstead
Mia Hamm
Joy Harjo
Emily Howland
Katherine Johnson
Indra Nooyi
Michelle Obama
2024
Patricia Bath
Ruby Bridges
Elouise P. Cobell
Kimberlé Crenshaw
Peggy McIntosh
Judith Plaskow
Loretta Ross
Sandy Stone
Anna Wessels Williams
Serena Williams
vteHelen Keller's The Story of My Life (1903)Characters
Anne Sullivan
Helen Keller
Film
The Miracle Worker (1962)
The Miracle Worker (1979)
The Miracle Worker (2000)
Black (2005)
Stage
The Miracle Worker (1959 play)
Related
The Miracle Continues
The Miracle Worker
vteTime 100: The Most Important People of the 20th CenturyLeaders & revolutionaries
David Ben-Gurion
Winston Churchill
Mahatma Gandhi
Mikhail Gorbachev
Adolf Hitler
Ho Chi Minh
Pope John Paul II
Ruhollah Khomeini
Martin Luther King Jr.
Vladimir Lenin
Nelson Mandela
Mao Zedong
Ronald Reagan
Eleanor Roosevelt
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Theodore Roosevelt
Margaret Sanger
Margaret Thatcher
Unknown Tiananmen Square rebel
Lech Wałęsa
Artists & entertainers
Louis Armstrong
Lucille Ball
The Beatles
Marlon Brando
Coco Chanel
Charlie Chaplin
Le Corbusier
Bob Dylan
T. S. Eliot
Aretha Franklin
Martha Graham
Jim Henson
James Joyce
Pablo Picasso
Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein
Bart Simpson
Frank Sinatra
Steven Spielberg
Igor Stravinsky
Oprah Winfrey
Builders & titans
Stephen Bechtel Sr.
Leo Burnett
Willis Carrier
Walt Disney
Henry Ford
Bill Gates
Amadeo Giannini
Ray Kroc
Estée Lauder
William Levitt
Lucky Luciano
Louis B. Mayer
Charles E. Merrill
Akio Morita
Walter Reuther
Pete Rozelle
David Sarnoff
Juan Trippe
Sam Walton
Thomas J. Watson Jr.
Scientists & thinkers
Leo Baekeland
Tim Berners-Lee
Rachel Carson
Albert Einstein
Philo Farnsworth
Enrico Fermi
Alexander Fleming
Sigmund Freud
Robert H. Goddard
Kurt Gödel
Edwin Hubble
John Maynard Keynes
Leakey family
Jean Piaget
Jonas Salk
William Shockley
Alan Turing
Francis Crick & James Watson
Ludwig Wittgenstein
Wright brothers
Heroes & icons
Muhammad Ali
The American G.I.
Lady Diana Spencer
Anne Frank
Billy Graham
Che Guevara
Edmund Hillary & Tenzing Norgay
Helen Keller
Kennedy family
Bruce Lee
Charles Lindbergh
Harvey Milk
Marilyn Monroe
Emmeline Pankhurst
Rosa Parks
Pelé
Jackie Robinson
Andrei Sakharov
Mother Teresa
Bill W.
Helen Keller at Wikipedia's sister projects:Definitions from WiktionaryMedia from CommonsQuotations from WikiquoteTexts from WikisourceResources from WikiversityData from Wikidata
Authority control databases InternationalISNIVIAFFASTWorldCatNationalGermanyUnited StatesFranceBnF dataJapanItalyAustraliaCzech RepublicSpainPortugalNetherlandsNorwayLatviaCroatiaChileGreeceKoreaSwedenPolandIsraelFinlandCataloniaAcademicsCiNiiPeopleTroveDeutsche BiographieDDBOtherIdRefNARASNAC2
